{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7134851210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670693","title":"Lossless Compression and Data Transformation Techniques on QR Code Binary Bit Stream","display_name":"Lossless Compression and Data Transformation Techniques on QR Code Binary Bit Stream","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7134851210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3670693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670693","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128273735","display_name":"Fatoumatta Conteh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189462010","display_name":"Universiti Brunei Darussalam","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnf3n86","country_code":"BN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}],"countries":["BN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatoumatta Conteh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6351-3644","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055054444","display_name":"Abdullahi Abubakar Imam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-1109"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189462010","display_name":"Universiti Brunei Darussalam","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnf3n86","country_code":"BN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}],"countries":["BN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdullahi Abubakar Imam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-1109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072639188","display_name":"Ganesh Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0098-0948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125749732","display_name":"Western University","ror":"https://ror.org/02grkyz14","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganesh Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125749732"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128671236","display_name":"Daphne Teck Ching Lai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189462010","display_name":"Universiti Brunei Darussalam","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnf3n86","country_code":"BN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}],"countries":["BN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daphne Teck Ching Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8290-8941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128689085","display_name":"Rosyzie Anna Apong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189462010","display_name":"Universiti Brunei Darussalam","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnf3n86","country_code":"BN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}],"countries":["BN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rosyzie Anna Apong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189462010"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043333026","display_name":"Luiz Fernando Capretz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6966-2369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203899302","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Petronas","ror":"https://ror.org/048g2sh07","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luiz Fernando Capretz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6966-2369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203899302"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19944458,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"37649","last_page":"37667"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13270","display_name":"QR Code Applications and Technologies","score":0.542900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13270","display_name":"QR Code Applications and Technologies","score":0.542900025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.11460000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.05779999867081642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossless-compression","display_name":"Lossless compression","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/huffman-coding","display_name":"Huffman coding","score":0.7436000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy-encoding","display_name":"Entropy encoding","score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-compression","display_name":"Image compression","score":0.6054999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression-ratio","display_name":"Data compression ratio","score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic-coding","display_name":"Arithmetic coding","score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-coding","display_name":"Adaptive coding","score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compression-ratio","display_name":"Compression ratio","score":0.4074999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46900642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2647","display_name":"Huffman coding","level":3,"score":0.7436000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.6848999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6583999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1769480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345239","display_name":"Entropy encoding","level":3,"score":0.6104999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.6054999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94835093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3113333","display_name":"Data compression ratio","level":5,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153338461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2651","display_name":"Arithmetic coding","level":4,"score":0.5462999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57890076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680725","display_name":"Adaptive coding","level":4,"score":0.4325000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4275999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25797200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828137","display_name":"Compression ratio","level":3,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175732694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128713","display_name":"Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding","level":3,"score":0.3928000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180016635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2712821","display_name":"Compression (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8384606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2190356","display_name":"Lossless JPEG","level":5,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169805256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361381","display_name":"Transform coding","level":4,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54243161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39333","display_name":"Texture compression","level":5,"score":0.3292999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115223089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4885542","display_name":"Canonical Huffman code","level":5,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73231260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7853376","display_name":"Tunstall coding","level":4,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60603091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2981616","display_name":"Variable-length code","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779190172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913888","display_name":"Binary data","level":3,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778192920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16874989","display_name":"Signal compression","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69216139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931783","display_name":"JPEG 2000","level":5,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3670693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:66f3dcb797534063a32ccd06b9da8b4b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/66f3dcb797534063a32ccd06b9da8b4b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 37649-37667 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3670693","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670693","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4274238646030426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,189],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,73,118,192,195,199,206],"dataset-level":[4],"evaluation":[5],"of":[6,187],"six":[7],"lossless":[8,141],"compression":[9,79,133,149,164,174,185,203],"and":[10,49,59,75,92,101,114,148,179,198],"data":[11,93,159],"transformation":[12,94],"techniques":[13,80,95],"applied":[14],"to":[15,67,72],"visual-cryptographic":[16],"(VC)":[17],"shares":[18],"derived":[19],"from":[20],"QR":[21,26,30,38,52,63],"codes.":[22],"We":[23],"processed":[24],"40,000":[25],"samples,":[27],"comprising":[28],"10,000":[29,37],"images":[31,39,53],"(Versions":[32,40],"1-4,":[33],"2,500":[34],"per":[35,43],"version),":[36],"1-10,":[41],"1,000":[42],"version":[44],"across":[45,176],"ten":[46],"application":[47],"domains),":[48],"20,000":[50],"augmented":[51,180],"(with":[54],"noise,":[55],"rotation,":[56],"shear,":[57],"cropping,":[58],"brightness":[60],"variations).":[61],"Each":[62],"image":[64],"is":[65],"converted":[66],"VC":[68,158],"share":[69],"(share1),":[70],"flattened":[71],"bitstream,":[74],"evaluated":[76],"under":[77],"traditional":[78,167],"such":[81,96],"as":[82,97,117],"Run":[83],"Length":[84],"Encoding":[85],"(RLE),":[86],"Huffman":[87,106,115],"Coding,":[88],"Lempel":[89],"Ziv-Welch":[90],"(LZW),":[91],"Binary-to-Integer,":[98],"Base64":[99,169],"Encoding,":[100],"(BWT":[102],"+":[103,105],"MTF":[104],"Coding)":[107],"Burrows":[108],"Wheeler":[109],"Transform":[110],"(BWT),":[111],"Move-To-Front":[112],"(MTF),":[113],"Coding":[116],"combined":[119],"pipeline.":[120],"Our":[121],"experiments":[122],"report":[123],"Shannon":[124],"entropy,":[125],"compressed":[126,129],"character":[127,130],"count,":[128],"count":[131],"percentage,":[132],"time,":[134,136],"decompression":[135],"memory":[137],"usage,":[138],"peak":[139],"memory,":[140],"fidelity,":[142],"metadata,":[143],"payload":[144],"size,":[145,147],"storage":[146],"ratio.":[150],"Empirical":[151],"results":[152],"show":[153],"near-maximal":[154],"entropy":[155],"in":[156],"QR-derived":[157],"(\u223c0.99),":[160],"providing":[161],"constraints":[162],"on":[163,205],"performance":[165,175],"for":[166,202],"algorithms.":[168],"consistently":[170],"yields":[171],"the":[172],"best":[173],"both":[177],"clean":[178],"datasets,":[181],"with":[182],"an":[183],"average":[184],"rate":[186],"499%.":[188],"work":[190],"contributes":[191],"reproducible":[193],"pipeline,":[194],"generalized":[196],"dataset,":[197],"benchmark":[200],"reference":[201],"research":[204],"highly":[207],"randomized":[208],"binary":[209],"dataset.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2026-03-11T00:00:00"}