{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133489487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670230","title":"Measurement-Based Large-Scale Indoor Channel Modeling for Hovering UAV-to-Ground Wireless Links","display_name":"Measurement-Based Large-Scale Indoor Channel Modeling for Hovering UAV-to-Ground Wireless Links","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133489487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3670230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670230","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haythem Bany Salameh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-7212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haythem Bany Salameh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Networks and Communications Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3429-7212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Communications Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128087719","display_name":"Osamah Mulhem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osamah Mulhem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hamed Majid Al Meqbaali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamed Majid Al Meqbaali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Networks and Communications Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Communications Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128073590","display_name":"Ibrahim Salem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibrahim Salem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Networks and Communications Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Networks and Communications Engineering Program, College of Engineering, Al Ain University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083518558","display_name":"Malik Mohamed Umar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5479-5492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161913731","display_name":"Al Ain University","ror":"https://ror.org/023abrt21","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161913731"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malik Mohamed Umar","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Space Science and Technology Center (NSSTC), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Space Science and Technology Center (NSSTC), United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161913731","https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33698527,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"36299","last_page":"36309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.858299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.858299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.010700000450015068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.28060001134872437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.763700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.46959999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41519999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.305400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.28060001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988879021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273623","display_name":"Radio channel","level":3,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3670230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:128bd59d564144379e50fa4d88b9822d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/128bd59d564144379e50fa4d88b9822d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 36299-36309 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3670230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3670230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7224699854850769,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1954351671","https://openalex.org/W1998637466","https://openalex.org/W2139209876","https://openalex.org/W2962691117","https://openalex.org/W2996291210","https://openalex.org/W3084044208","https://openalex.org/W3126552877","https://openalex.org/W3138767361","https://openalex.org/W3164363450","https://openalex.org/W4231324882","https://openalex.org/W4239343612","https://openalex.org/W4312656273","https://openalex.org/W4313496021","https://openalex.org/W4321488174","https://openalex.org/W4393062421","https://openalex.org/W4399322850","https://openalex.org/W4401706797","https://openalex.org/W4403189725","https://openalex.org/W4403331997","https://openalex.org/W4403990623","https://openalex.org/W4410087308","https://openalex.org/W4410294952","https://openalex.org/W4410583230","https://openalex.org/W4416208997"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"autonomous":[1],"drones":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4,103,136],"robust":[5],"wireless":[6,50],"connectivity":[7],"to":[8,182,186,211],"operate":[9],"in":[10,204],"GPS-denied":[11],"environments;":[12],"however,":[13],"indoor":[14,60,74,117,138,170,195,205,221],"radio-frequency":[15],"(RF)":[16],"propagation":[17,196],"is":[18],"strongly":[19],"affected":[20],"by":[21],"multipath,":[22],"blockage,":[23],"and":[24,43,88,133,176,202,219],"device":[25],"instability.":[26],"These":[27,190],"effects":[28,216],"become":[29],"particularly":[30],"critical":[31],"for":[32,112,214],"hovering":[33,69,142,173],"unmanned":[34],"aerial":[35],"vehicles":[36],"(UAVs),":[37],"known":[38],"as":[39],"drones,":[40],"where":[41],"vibration":[42,132],"orientation":[44,135],"variations":[45],"can":[46,198],"significantly":[47,199],"alter":[48],"the":[49,128,187,209],"channel.":[51],"This":[52],"paper":[53],"presents":[54],"a":[55,77,98,146],"measurement-based":[56],"characterization":[57],"of":[58,130,180],"large-scale":[59,137],"RF":[61],"propagation,":[62,139],"explicitly":[63,212],"comparing":[64],"stationary":[65,153,188],"ground-to-ground":[66,123,154],"links":[67,71,144,155],"with":[68,158],"UAV-to-ground":[70,143],"under":[72],"identical":[73],"conditions.":[75],"Using":[76],"purpose-built":[78],"ESP32-based":[79],"measurement":[80],"platform":[81],"operating":[82],"at":[83],"2.4":[84],"GHz,":[85],"extensive":[86],"RSSI":[87,175],"RSSI-referenced":[89],"signal-to-noise":[90],"ratio":[91],"(SNR)":[92],"proxy":[93,178],"measurements":[94],"are":[95,110],"collected":[96],"across":[97],"realistic":[99],"office":[100],"environment.":[101],"Based":[102],"spatially":[104],"averaged":[105],"measurements,":[106],"log-distance":[107],"path-loss":[108,149],"models":[109,197],"derived":[111],"both":[113],"scenarios.":[114],"Unlike":[115],"prior":[116],"channel":[118],"modelling":[119],"studies":[120],"that":[121,141,193],"consider":[122],"communications,":[124],"this":[125],"work":[126],"quantifies":[127],"effect":[129],"hovering-induced":[131,215],"antenna":[134],"showing":[140],"exhibit":[145],"substantially":[147],"higher":[148],"exponent":[150],"(2.46)":[151],"than":[152],"(1.50),":[156],"along":[157],"increased":[159],"shadowing":[160],"variability":[161,203],"(approximately":[162],"6.9":[163],"dB":[164,184],"versus":[165],"6.1":[166],"dB).":[167],"In":[168],"some":[169],"locations,":[171],"UAV":[172,206,222],"introduces":[174],"SNR":[177],"degradations":[179],"up":[181],"20":[183],"relative":[185],"baseline.":[189],"findings":[191],"demonstrate":[192],"conventional":[194],"underestimate":[200],"attenuation":[201],"deployments,":[207],"highlighting":[208],"need":[210],"account":[213],"when":[217],"designing":[218],"planning":[220],"communication":[223],"systems.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}