{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133353840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3669992","title":"Comparative Evaluation of Loss Function for 3D Brain Vessel Segmentation in MRA Using U-NET","display_name":"Comparative Evaluation of Loss Function for 3D Brain Vessel Segmentation in MRA Using U-NET","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133353840","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3669992"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3669992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3669992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3669992","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102903896","display_name":"Dwi Harini Sulistyawati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9026-6117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dwi Harini Sulistyawati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9026-6117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000152815","display_name":"Andrew Prasetyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6489-5304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Prasetyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6489-5304","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016654284","display_name":"Erna Furaidah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erna Furaidah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Health, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Health, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"I. Ketut Eddy Purnama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-7880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Ketut Eddy Purnama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7438-7880","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mauridhi Hery Purnomo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-7382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166843116","display_name":"Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05kbmmt89","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauridhi Hery Purnomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-7382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166843116"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19318803,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"36660","last_page":"36672"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.2727999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.2727999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.22450000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.045499999076128006,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.8213000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s\u00f8rensen\u2013dice-coefficient","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dice","display_name":"Dice","score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurovascular-bundle","display_name":"Neurovascular bundle","score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.3833000063896179}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8213000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163892561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2613728","display_name":"S\u00f8rensen\u2013Dice coefficient","level":4,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22029948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089","display_name":"Dice","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105572291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002775","display_name":"Neurovascular bundle","level":2,"score":0.3944000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3846000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3714999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778212899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q907325","display_name":"Magnetic resonance angiography","level":3,"score":0.3138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19609008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2138203","display_name":"Region of interest","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3669992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3669992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91b0c2fe4f6a4dd585430bb56a07ca8d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91b0c2fe4f6a4dd585430bb56a07ca8d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 36660-36672 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3669992","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3669992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6370623468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202327091212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328515","funder_display_name":"Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328515","display_name":"Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335891","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Center, Ministry of Education","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994132205","https://openalex.org/W2006594119","https://openalex.org/W2069523751","https://openalex.org/W2122432714","https://openalex.org/W2464708700","https://openalex.org/W2621134372","https://openalex.org/W2734349601","https://openalex.org/W2900358497","https://openalex.org/W2915935453","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964098128","https://openalex.org/W3013592697","https://openalex.org/W3128408141","https://openalex.org/W3129163525","https://openalex.org/W3129490616","https://openalex.org/W3174708193","https://openalex.org/W3208875569","https://openalex.org/W3216457818","https://openalex.org/W4214760846","https://openalex.org/W4283271083","https://openalex.org/W4283704557","https://openalex.org/W4292228019","https://openalex.org/W4294120625","https://openalex.org/W4308993668","https://openalex.org/W4312850010","https://openalex.org/W4323925299","https://openalex.org/W4381716619","https://openalex.org/W4385241578","https://openalex.org/W4394711246","https://openalex.org/W4400680057","https://openalex.org/W4406523064","https://openalex.org/W4409882971"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cerebrovascular":[0],"segmentation":[1,19,53,250],"using":[2,54,128],"three-dimensional":[3],"Time-of-Flight":[4],"Magnetic":[5],"Resonance":[6],"Angiography":[7],"(TOF-MRA)":[8],"is":[9,78],"crucial":[10],"for":[11,49,232,247,262],"diagnosing":[12],"and":[13,30,35,73,90,103,114,133,139,141,153,194,205,210,228,252,259],"assessing":[14],"neurovascular":[15],"diseases.":[16],"However,":[17],"accurate":[18],"remains":[20],"challenging":[21],"because":[22],"of":[23,33,45,62],"severe":[24],"class":[25],"imbalance,":[26],"complex":[27],"vascular":[28],"topology,":[29],"the":[31,159],"presence":[32],"thin":[34,209],"peripheral":[36,211],"vessels.":[37],"This":[38],"study":[39,224],"presents":[40],"a":[41,55,112,117,184,216,226],"systematic":[42],"empirical":[43,230],"evaluation":[44,84],"loss":[46,66,92,171,233],"function":[47,234],"design":[48],"3D":[50,239],"brain":[51],"vessel":[52,203,264],"standard":[56],"U-Net":[57],"architecture.":[58],"An":[59],"initial":[60],"comparison":[61],"three":[63],"commonly":[64],"used":[65],"formulations":[67],"Dice":[68,77,170],"Loss,":[69,102],"BCE":[70,75,168],"+":[71,76,169],"Dice,":[72,100],"Weighted":[74],"conducted,":[79],"followed":[80],"by":[81],"an":[82],"extended":[83],"including":[85,146],"widely":[86],"adopted":[87],"imbalance":[88],"aware":[89],"topology-related":[91],"functions":[93],"such":[94],"as":[95],"Tversky,":[96,98],"Focal":[97],"Generalized":[99],"Boundary":[101],"ClDice,":[104],"all":[105],"under":[106,158],"identical":[107],"experimental":[108,163],"settings.":[109],"To":[110],"ensure":[111],"robust":[113,249],"reliable":[115],"assessment,":[116],"five-fold":[118],"stratified":[119],"cross-validation":[120,181],"strategy":[121],"was":[122,126],"employed.":[123],"Segmentation":[124],"performance":[125,176],"evaluated":[127],"overlap-based":[129],"metrics":[130],"(Dice/F1":[131],"Score":[132],"Intersection-over-Union),":[134],"voxel-wise":[135],"classification":[136],"measures":[137],"(precision":[138],"recall),":[140],"clinically":[142],"relevant":[143],"error":[144,196],"metrics,":[145],"false-positive":[147],"rate":[148,151],"(FPR),":[149],"false-negative":[150],"(FNR),":[152],"receiver":[154],"operating":[155],"characteristic":[156],"area":[157],"curve":[160],"(ROC-AUC).":[161],"The":[162,242],"results":[164],"demonstrate":[165],"that":[166],"theWeighted":[167],"consistently":[172],"achieves":[173],"higher":[174],"average":[175],"with":[177],"lower":[178],"variance":[179],"across":[180],"folds,":[182],"offering":[183],"favorable":[185],"balance":[186],"between":[187],"overlap":[188],"accuracy,":[189],"sensitivity":[190],"to":[191],"small-caliber":[192],"vessels,":[193],"clinical":[195],"control.":[197],"Qualitative":[198],"visualization":[199],"further":[200],"confirms":[201],"improved":[202],"continuity":[204],"completeness,":[206],"particularly":[207],"in":[208,236],"branches.":[212],"Rather":[213],"than":[214],"proposing":[215],"novel":[217],"architecture":[218],"or":[219],"claiming":[220],"state-of-the-art":[221],"performance,":[222],"this":[223],"provides":[225],"controlled":[227],"reproducible":[229],"baseline":[231],"selection":[235],"highly":[237],"imbalanced":[238],"cerebrovascular":[240],"segmentation.":[241],"findings":[243],"offer":[244],"practical":[245],"guidance":[246],"designing":[248],"pipelines":[251],"support":[253],"future":[254],"research":[255],"on":[256],"advanced":[257],"architectural":[258],"topology-aware":[260],"methods":[261],"TOF-MRA":[263],"analysis.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-14T06:41:57.775601","created_date":"2026-03-04T00:00:00"}
