{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131832958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668949","title":"Automated Detection and Recognition of Engraved Serial Numbers on Metallic Surfaces","display_name":"Automated Detection and Recognition of Engraved Serial Numbers on Metallic Surfaces","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131832958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668949"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668949","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127391202","display_name":"Thanh Dat Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131320","display_name":"LG (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ddh2c27","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131320"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanh Dat Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research and Development, OCST Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, OCST Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090673623","display_name":"Sachin Ranjan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sachin Ranjan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3342-7402","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127038040","display_name":"Le-Anh Tran","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120089902","display_name":"Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/011c0vt04","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120089902"]}],"countries":["VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Le-Anh Tran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Technology and Electrical-Electronic Engineering, HCMC University of Transport (UTH), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9380-7166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Technology and Electrical-Electronic Engineering, HCMC University of Transport (UTH), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120089902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127297323","display_name":"Kichul Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131320","display_name":"LG (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/03ddh2c27","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131320"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kichul Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Research and Development, OCST Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Research and Development, OCST Company Ltd., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100905399","display_name":"Moonsik Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133533813","display_name":"Gangneung\u2013Wonju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0461cvh40","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133533813"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165507594","display_name":"Kangwon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/01mh5ph17","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165507594"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109191","display_name":"Kangwon National University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01rf1rj96","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109191"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moonsik Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Semiconductor Engineering, Kangwon National University (KNU), Gangneung, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0258-5666","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Semiconductor Engineering, Kangwon National University (KNU), Gangneung, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133533813","https://openalex.org/I4210109191","https://openalex.org/I165507594"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127192629","display_name":"Hoon Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146429904","display_name":"Incheon National University","ror":"https://ror.org/02xf7p935","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5470-0246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University (INU), Incheon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146429904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.25035389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"40412","last_page":"40422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.17059999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.17059999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.16279999911785126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.07029999792575836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-vision","display_name":"Machine vision","score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3522000014781952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7167999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.685699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5982000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5795999765396118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.4368000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4230000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.4041999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17511633","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830694","display_name":"SMT placement equipment","level":3,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63584917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333286","display_name":"Bounding overwatch","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987247673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Character recognition","level":3,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100991257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590870","display_name":"Cinematography","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777370761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18448934","display_name":"Carving","level":2,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.27379998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117623542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621974","display_name":"Automatic target recognition","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76935873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209121","display_name":"Image sensor","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.2549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146920229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2278114","display_name":"Automated X-ray inspection","level":4,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1d4140bdec04388880a4ed89eb2994b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1d4140bdec04388880a4ed89eb2994b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 40412-40422 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668949","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668949","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automated":[0],"reading":[1],"of":[2],"engraved":[3],"or":[4,176],"printed":[5],"serial":[6],"numbers":[7],"on":[8,67,150],"metallic":[9,69],"components":[10],"remains":[11],"a":[12,57,131,182],"challenging":[13,167],"problem":[14],"in":[15,37,193],"industrial":[16,68,152],"manufacturing":[17,194],"due":[18],"to":[19,81,123],"low":[20],"contrast,":[21],"reflective":[22],"surfaces,":[23],"arbitrary":[24],"orientations,":[25],"and":[26,49,85,104,142,164,184,190],"surface":[27],"degradation.":[28],"Conventional":[29],"optical":[30],"character":[31,113],"recognition":[32,114,147,162],"(OCR)":[33],"systems":[34],"often":[35],"fail":[36],"such":[38],"environments,":[39],"particularly":[40],"when":[41],"text":[42,88,96],"is":[43,116],"embedded":[44],"within":[45],"geometrically":[46],"structured":[47],"objects":[48,84],"appears":[50],"under":[51,166],"uncontrolled":[52],"rotations.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"presents":[56],"robust":[58],"end-to-end":[59,161],"vision":[60],"pipeline":[61,180],"for":[62,187],"accurately":[63],"recognizing":[64],"numeric":[65],"series":[66],"surfaces.":[70],"The":[71,94,178],"proposed":[72,157,179],"approach":[73],"first":[74],"employs":[75],"an":[76],"oriented":[77,91],"object":[78],"detection":[79],"model":[80,115],"localize":[82],"target":[83],"their":[86],"associated":[87],"regions":[89],"using":[90],"bounding":[92],"boxes.":[93],"detected":[95],"areas":[97],"are":[98],"then":[99],"rotation-normalized":[100],"through":[101],"geometry-aware":[102],"cropping":[103],"square":[105],"padding,":[106],"enabling":[107],"consistent":[108,146],"downstream":[109],"recognition.":[110],"A":[111],"YOLO-based":[112],"subsequently":[117],"applied,":[118],"with":[119],"dual-orientation":[120],"inference":[121],"used":[122],"resolve":[124],"rotational":[125],"ambiguity.":[126],"To":[127],"further":[128],"improve":[129],"reliability,":[130],"confidence-driven":[132],"post-processing":[133],"strategy":[134],"suppresses":[135],"duplicate":[136],"detections,":[137],"enforces":[138],"valid":[139],"text-length":[140],"constraints,":[141],"selects":[143],"the":[144,156],"most":[145],"results.":[148],"Experiments":[149],"real-world":[151],"data":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"that":[155],"system":[158],"achieves":[159],"high":[160],"accuracy":[163],"robustness":[165],"imaging":[168],"conditions,":[169],"outperforming":[170],"baseline":[171],"configurations":[172],"without":[173],"orientation":[174],"handling":[175],"post-processing.":[177],"offers":[181],"practical":[183],"deployable":[185],"solution":[186],"automated":[188],"traceability":[189],"quality":[191],"control":[192],"environments.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}