{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131826598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668914","title":"Exploring Presence Patterns in an Educational Setting Through Electromagnetic Activity","display_name":"Exploring Presence Patterns in an Educational Setting Through Electromagnetic Activity","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131826598","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668914"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668914","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119546706","display_name":"Ruben Nietvelt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6764-1518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruben Nietvelt","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6764-1518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022088761","display_name":"Dennis Joosens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-8010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Joosens","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6262-8010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086566274","display_name":"Maarten Weyn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-6617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maarten Weyn","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1152-6617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017565613","display_name":"Rafael Berkvens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149213910","display_name":"University of Antwerp","ror":"https://ror.org/008x57b05","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Berkvens","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0064-5020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDLab—imec, Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119546706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149213910"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36205665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"32992","last_page":"33001"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12515","display_name":"Gender and Technology in Education","score":0.026200000196695328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11370","display_name":"Mobile Learning in Education","score":0.025299999862909317,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12950","display_name":"Educational Environments and Student Outcomes","score":0.021299999207258224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupancy","display_name":"Occupancy","score":0.7565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6269000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.32690000534057617}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160331591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7075743","display_name":"Occupancy","level":2,"score":0.7565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6934000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6269000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.46889999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4153999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3698999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36809998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2955999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151915977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937740","display_name":"Human dynamics","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988656282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity detection","level":2,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.26010000705718994}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fe928598e71e4446b290b290914fc2a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fe928598e71e4446b290b290914fc2a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 32992-33001 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8178891180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G018522N","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Congestion":[0],"in":[1,69,96,148,221,240],"parts":[2],"of":[3,164,218,227,249],"the":[4,23,57,84,149,162,174,194,232,250],"radio":[5],"spectrum":[6],"presents":[7],"an":[8,39,50,126,153],"opportunity":[9],"to":[10,42,82,100,193,206,255],"explore":[11],"presence":[12,27,44,118],"patterns,":[13],"potentially":[14],"providing":[15],"valuable":[16,236],"insights":[17,237],"into":[18],"smart":[19,222],"living":[20],"environments.":[21,223],"However,":[22,246],"relationship":[24],"between":[25,145],"human":[26],"and":[28,64,111,152,210,243,258],"Electromagnetic":[29],"(EM)":[30],"activity":[31,48,147,184,202],"remains":[32],"poorly":[33],"understood.":[34],"Our":[35],"research":[36],"focuses":[37],"on":[38,56],"innovative":[40],"approach":[41],"estimate":[43],"patterns":[45],"using":[46],"EM":[47,116,146,183,201],"within":[49],"educational":[51],"setting.":[52],"We":[53],"concentrate":[54],"specifically":[55],"frequency":[58],"bands":[59],"corresponding":[60],"toWi-Fi":[61],"channels":[62,151],"1":[63],"11.":[65],"Experiments":[66],"were":[67,169],"conducted":[68,95],"a":[70,88,101,215],"computer":[71,103],"classroom":[72],"with":[73,120,161,173,189],"student":[74],"participation,":[75],"accompanied":[76],"by":[77],"detailed":[78],"ground-truth":[79,175],"manual":[80,176],"counting":[81],"validate":[83],"sensing":[85,129,157,251],"methods.":[86],"As":[87],"key":[89],"contribution,":[90],"we":[91],"extend":[92,230],"prior":[93],"studies":[94],"large,":[97],"open":[98],"environments":[99],"confined":[102],"classroom.":[104],"This":[105],"enables":[106],"analysis":[107,139],"under":[108],"different":[109],"environmental":[110],"propagation":[112],"conditions.We":[113],"further":[114,247],"compare":[115],"activity-based":[117],"estimation":[119],"two":[121],"commonly":[122],"used":[123,213],"alternatives,":[124],"namely":[125],"attenuation-based":[127,154,195],"device-free":[128,155],"method":[130],"andWi-Fi":[131],"Media":[132],"Access":[133],"Control":[134],"(MAC)":[135],"address":[136],"counting.":[137],"The":[138,224],"revealed":[140],"significant,":[141],"weak-to-moderate,":[142],"positive":[143],"correlations":[144,160],"Wi-Fi":[150,166],"crowd-size":[156],"method,":[158],"while":[159],"number":[163],"detected":[165],"MAC":[167],"addresses":[168],"relatively":[170],"weaker.":[171],"Comparisons":[172],"counts":[177],"confirm":[178],"these":[179],"observations,":[180],"indicating":[181],"that":[182,200],"reflects":[185],"occupancy":[186,219,244],"dynamics":[187,220],"but":[188],"reduced":[190],"sensitivity":[191],"compared":[192],"approach.":[196],"These":[197],"findings":[198],"indicate":[199],"provides":[203],"complementary":[204],"information":[205],"existing":[207],"presence-detection":[208],"approaches":[209],"may":[211],"be":[212],"as":[214],"supplementary":[216],"indicator":[217],"potential":[225],"implications":[226],"this":[228],"work":[229],"beyond":[231],"experiment":[233],"performed,":[234],"offering":[235],"for":[238],"applications":[239],"crowd":[241],"behaviour":[242],"analysis.":[245],"refinement":[248],"methods":[252],"is":[253],"necessary":[254],"improve":[256],"accuracy":[257],"real-time":[259],"data":[260],"processing.":[261]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}