{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131866104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668840","title":"Analyzing RISC-V Compiler Toolchain by Adopting Topic Modeling","display_name":"Analyzing RISC-V Compiler Toolchain by Adopting Topic Modeling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131866104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668840"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668840","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126985056","display_name":"Kirrat Shaikh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746803","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirrat Shaikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1519-7209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031330112","display_name":"Hameeza Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-3318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746803","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hameeza Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0842-3318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Information Systems Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052241650","display_name":"M. Ehtesham ul Haque","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746803","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Fahim Ul Haque","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5365-5033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102174858","display_name":"Paulo C\u00e9sar Santos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Cesar Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8555-2637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044102152","display_name":"Hashim Raza Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-3172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746803","display_name":"NED University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05db8zr24","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hashim Raza Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2027-3172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070653624","display_name":"Kamran Arshad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4447-8335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kamran Arshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4447-8335","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001570909","display_name":"Khaled Assaleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-0453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Assaleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0942-0453","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14619834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"33178","last_page":"33198"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.32839998602867126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.32839998602867126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.09929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.02800000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commit","display_name":"Commit","score":0.7908999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toolchain","display_name":"Toolchain","score":0.732200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topic-model","display_name":"Topic model","score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/documentation","display_name":"Documentation","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.4284000098705292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9142000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19776675","display_name":"Commit","level":2,"score":0.7908999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777062904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545406","display_name":"Toolchain","level":3,"score":0.732200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.6067000031471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5936999917030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56666940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788790","display_name":"Documentation","level":2,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4968000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.44209998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.36649999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3400999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.28519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548217200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251","display_name":"Java","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:91ea1532ca6e45f0b705a15e92f4310e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/91ea1532ca6e45f0b705a15e92f4310e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 33178-33198 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668840","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668840","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7875147269","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025-IRG-CEIT-7","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330328","funder_display_name":"Ajman University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330328","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W572111793","https://openalex.org/W1994598608","https://openalex.org/W2022371098","https://openalex.org/W2038043464","https://openalex.org/W2057826716","https://openalex.org/W2109144580","https://openalex.org/W2128925311","https://openalex.org/W2140952846","https://openalex.org/W2146503100","https://openalex.org/W2270443308","https://openalex.org/W2492319538","https://openalex.org/W2551015586","https://openalex.org/W2599699352","https://openalex.org/W2621924596","https://openalex.org/W2735651482","https://openalex.org/W2755552262","https://openalex.org/W2784194212","https://openalex.org/W2887928931","https://openalex.org/W2895953765","https://openalex.org/W2896747900","https://openalex.org/W2918884300","https://openalex.org/W2962686197","https://openalex.org/W3036644138","https://openalex.org/W3197518744","https://openalex.org/W3214913126","https://openalex.org/W4226310454","https://openalex.org/W4285207860","https://openalex.org/W4307189085","https://openalex.org/W4315836531","https://openalex.org/W4321381226","https://openalex.org/W4366774502","https://openalex.org/W4376606916","https://openalex.org/W4382927923","https://openalex.org/W4384636800","https://openalex.org/W4389544221","https://openalex.org/W4390754876","https://openalex.org/W4393010924","https://openalex.org/W4399668292","https://openalex.org/W4402595463","https://openalex.org/W4406113543","https://openalex.org/W4407598474","https://openalex.org/W4412401374","https://openalex.org/W4416798099","https://openalex.org/W7124524224"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"developers":[1],"have":[2],"increasingly":[3],"relied":[4],"on":[5,73],"open":[6],"repositories":[7,75],"and":[8,25,36,48,53,76,169,204,220],"mail":[9],"archives":[10],"to":[11,46,64,163,192],"build":[12],"software,":[13],"particularly":[14],"in":[15,134,140,173,216],"specialized":[16],"domains":[17,219],"where":[18,69,223],"structured":[19],"documentation":[20],"is":[21,33,62],"scarce.":[22],"However,":[23],"navigating":[24],"extracting":[26],"useful":[27],"knowledge":[28,214],"from":[29],"such":[30,92,152],"scattered":[31,208],"sources":[32],"a":[34],"challenging":[35],"time-consuming":[37],"task.":[38],"This":[39],"paper":[40],"presents":[41],"the":[42,65,115,122,174,178],"first":[43],"systematic":[44],"effort":[45],"organize":[47],"analyze":[49],"GitHub":[50,107],"commit":[51,108],"messages":[52],"mailing":[54,127],"list":[55,128],"patches":[56],"usingtopic":[57],"modelingtechniques.":[58],"The":[59],"proposed":[60],"technique":[61],"applied":[63],"RISC-V":[66,175],"compiler":[67,89],"toolchain,":[68],"development":[70,100,187,222],"primarily":[71],"depends":[72],"code":[74,165],"community":[77],"discussions.":[78],"By":[79,200],"jointly":[80],"modeling":[81,184],"these":[82],"heterogeneous":[83],"sources,":[84],"our":[85,210],"method":[86],"identifies":[87],"recurring":[88],"related":[90,162],"themes":[91],"asauto-vectorization,":[93],"intrinsics,anddata":[94],"types,":[95],"enabling":[96],"efficient":[97,164],"retrieval":[98,148],"of":[99,207],"knowledge.":[101],"Our":[102],"evaluation":[103],"shows":[104],"that":[105,182,189],"for":[106],"messages,":[109],"Latent":[110],"Semantic":[111],"Analysis":[112],"(LSA)":[113],"achieves":[114],"highest":[116],"CV":[117,135],"coherence,":[118,136],"while":[119],"BERTopic":[120,130],"provides":[121],"greatest":[123],"topic":[124,141,183],"diversity.":[125,142],"For":[126],"patches,":[129],"outperforms":[131],"other":[132],"models":[133],"whereas":[137],"Word2Vec":[138],"leads":[139],"In":[143],"addition,":[144],"we":[145],"demonstrate":[146],"practical":[147],"scenarios":[149],"using":[150],"queries":[151],"asautovec":[153],"vmerge,":[154],"intrinsic":[155],"vfdiv,":[156],"andjalr":[157],"uint32_t,":[158],"highlighting":[159],"key":[160],"concerns":[161],"generation,":[166],"floating-point":[167],"precision,":[168],"address":[170],"calculation":[171],"optimizations":[172],"compiler.":[176],"Overall,":[177],"experimental":[179],"results":[180],"indicate":[181],"effectively":[185],"captures":[186],"trends":[188],"are":[190,225],"difficult":[191],"uncover":[193],"through":[194],"manual":[195],"inspection":[196],"or":[197],"keyword-based":[198],"search.":[199],"providing":[201],"an":[202],"organized":[203],"coherent":[205],"view":[206],"knowledge,":[209],"approach":[211],"helps":[212],"bridge":[213],"gaps":[215],"complex":[217],"technical":[218],"accelerates":[221],"resources":[224],"limited.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-02-28T00:00:00"}