{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131724903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668628","title":"Fault Identification of Mechanical Shock Signals Using Improved EEMD\u2013Multi-Scale Analysis","display_name":"Fault Identification of Mechanical Shock Signals Using Improved EEMD\u2013Multi-Scale Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131724903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668628"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668628","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qichao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7936-5828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141223","display_name":"Baise University","ror":"https://ror.org/03f3rne76","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210141223"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qichao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Sciences and Statistics, Baise University, Baise, Guangxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7936-5828","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Sciences and Statistics, Baise University, Baise, Guangxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141223"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100333011","display_name":"Jie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-0351"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126914296","display_name":"Mani Lam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78988378","display_name":"Renmin University of China","ror":"https://ror.org/041pakw92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mani Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Labor and Human Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78988378"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738462","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0816-6016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126932349","display_name":"Kuok Tong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuoktongliu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126921679","display_name":"Chikit Cheang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chikit Cheang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126918892","display_name":"Hou Chan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hou Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pui Va Middle School, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19413759,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"34177","last_page":"34188"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.6258999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.6258999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.14390000700950623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.025599999353289604,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert\u2013huang-transform","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stator","display_name":"Stator","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotor","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3822999894618988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25570617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006462","display_name":"Hilbert\u2013Huang transform","level":3,"score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6037999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5734999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5167999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776529397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190312","display_name":"Stator","level":2,"score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17281054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193466","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","level":2,"score":0.4278999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.40950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775846686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643012","display_name":"Condition monitoring","level":2,"score":0.37940001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199978012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1273815","display_name":"Bearing (navigation)","level":2,"score":0.3142000138759613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171912257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11019","display_name":"Mechanical system","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137798554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6038852","display_name":"Instantaneous phase","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:685a64a0667b4aa0a54be5e73883374f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/685a64a0667b4aa0a54be5e73883374f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 34177-34188 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3668628","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3668628","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5820926427841187,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2812132575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20260130195601696/AFJ","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5837732990","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0010/2021/ITP","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6165463550","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0010/2025/ITP1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8180860859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61203069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131692538","https://openalex.org/W2163762995","https://openalex.org/W2768866948","https://openalex.org/W2951968017","https://openalex.org/W3129065187","https://openalex.org/W3135695944","https://openalex.org/W3195979685","https://openalex.org/W3196726987","https://openalex.org/W3215533741","https://openalex.org/W4224263525","https://openalex.org/W4289940212","https://openalex.org/W4303627690","https://openalex.org/W4304193987","https://openalex.org/W4312741217","https://openalex.org/W4388391924","https://openalex.org/W4390905245","https://openalex.org/W4399864400","https://openalex.org/W4400115609","https://openalex.org/W4402770788","https://openalex.org/W4405418037","https://openalex.org/W4405736887","https://openalex.org/W4407824343","https://openalex.org/W4407847709","https://openalex.org/W4408778437","https://openalex.org/W4409445688","https://openalex.org/W4410189656","https://openalex.org/W4411298988","https://openalex.org/W4411369729","https://openalex.org/W4411881945","https://openalex.org/W4412860711","https://openalex.org/W4413474137","https://openalex.org/W4414568279","https://openalex.org/W4414676921","https://openalex.org/W7133676748"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Precise":[0],"identification":[1,137],"of":[2,139,173],"mechanical":[3,40,179],"shock":[4,50],"liabilities":[5],"in":[6],"turning":[7],"machinery":[8],"is":[9],"crucial":[10],"for":[11,177],"ensuring":[12],"consistent":[13],"operation":[14],"and":[15,38,66,73,87,113,116,153,171],"preventing":[16],"early":[17],"faults.":[18],"This":[19],"paper":[20],"proposes":[21],"an":[22,58,134],"Improved":[23],"Collaborative":[24],"Empirical":[25],"Mode":[26],"Decomposition":[27],"(IEEMD)":[28],"combined":[29],"with":[30,62],"Multi-Scale":[31],"Analysis":[32],"(MSA)":[33],"to":[34,69,97,121,146,160],"enhance":[35],"the":[36,123,129,174],"accuracy":[37],"robustness":[39],"shock-based":[41],"fault":[42,100,136,180],"identification.":[43],"The":[44],"planned":[45],"framework":[46],"first":[47],"decomposes":[48],"complex":[49],"signals":[51],"into":[52],"intrinsic":[53],"mode":[54,71,149],"functions":[55],"(IMFs)":[56],"using":[57],"augmented":[59],"noise-aided":[60],"EEMD":[61],"adaptive":[63],"noise":[64],"scaling":[65],"ensemble":[67],"averaging":[68],"suppress":[70],"mixing":[72,150],"improve":[74],"frequency":[75],"resolution.":[76],"Multi-scale":[77],"statistical":[78],"features":[79],"such":[80],"as":[81],"root":[82],"mean":[83],"square":[84],"(RMS),":[85],"kurtosis,":[86],"energy":[88],"randomness":[89],"are":[90],"then":[91],"extracted":[92],"across":[93],"multiple":[94],"analysis":[95],"scales":[96],"detect":[98],"transient":[99],"signature.":[101],"Four":[102],"case":[103],"studies,":[104],"including":[105],"bearing":[106,115],"fault,":[107,118],"rotor":[108,117],"imbalance,":[109],"stator":[110],"inter-turn":[111],"faults,":[112],"attached":[114],"were":[119],"conducted":[120],"validate":[122],"method.":[124],"Numerical":[125],"results":[126,165],"show":[127],"that":[128],"proposed":[130,175],"IEEMD-MSA":[131],"approach":[132],"attains":[133],"average":[135],"exactness":[138],"95.7%,":[140],"advances":[141],"signal-to-noise":[142],"ratio":[143],"by":[144,151,157],"up":[145],"18.5%,":[147],"reduces":[148],"20.3%,":[152],"enhances":[154],"feature":[155],"firmness":[156],"15.2%":[158],"compared":[159],"outdated":[161],"EEMD-based":[162],"methods.":[163],"These":[164],"establish":[166],"strong":[167],"adaptability,":[168],"high":[169],"sympathy,":[170],"reliability":[172],"method":[176],"composite":[178],"diagnosis":[181],"under":[182],"noisy":[183],"operating":[184],"conditions.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T07:00:12.390032","created_date":"2026-02-27T00:00:00"}
