{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130676403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666623","title":"Beyond Frames: 3D-CoAtNet for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection","display_name":"Beyond Frames: 3D-CoAtNet for Generalizable Deepfake Video Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130676403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666623"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666623","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126459312","display_name":"Eman Alattas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Alattas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8411-655X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035641997","display_name":"John A. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-9739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126499753","display_name":"Bassma Alsulami","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bassma Alsulami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028123474","display_name":"Salma Kammoun Jarraya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1086-6599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salma Kammoun Jarraya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Education and Advancement, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education and Advancement, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":17.6924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98052116,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"29692","last_page":"29705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5347999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.5347999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.3894999921321869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.027899999171495438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motion","display_name":"Motion (physics)","score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-video","display_name":"Digital video","score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame","display_name":"Frame (networking)","score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.3222000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8414000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6442999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5555999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988454689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173131","display_name":"Digital video","level":3,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43869999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4226999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126042441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324888","display_name":"Frame (networking)","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.3483999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778739407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165372","display_name":"CLIPS","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157657479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2367247","display_name":"Closed captioning","level":3,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988656282","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity detection","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666623","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7625052332878113,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1755205674","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2796258071","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2943520232","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963720850","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W3034713808","https://openalex.org/W3040168631","https://openalex.org/W3080632971","https://openalex.org/W3094728142","https://openalex.org/W3120504414","https://openalex.org/W3158734383","https://openalex.org/W3158766194","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3174656926","https://openalex.org/W3179508259","https://openalex.org/W3198362366","https://openalex.org/W3206817819","https://openalex.org/W4206119910","https://openalex.org/W4221045030","https://openalex.org/W4226333682","https://openalex.org/W4283802557","https://openalex.org/W4286587369","https://openalex.org/W4287958448","https://openalex.org/W4290617287","https://openalex.org/W4313260190","https://openalex.org/W4361857737","https://openalex.org/W4382407365","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386618477","https://openalex.org/W4388851105","https://openalex.org/W4388941243","https://openalex.org/W4404436651","https://openalex.org/W4406262055","https://openalex.org/W4411241923","https://openalex.org/W4411242523","https://openalex.org/W4414065347","https://openalex.org/W4414441547"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deepfakes":[0],"pose":[1],"a":[2,42],"growing":[3],"risk":[4],"to":[5,34,75,133],"digital":[6],"integrity":[7],"and":[8,26,68,78,96,110,114,130],"public":[9],"trust,":[10],"driving":[11],"the":[12,32,127,150,153],"need":[13],"for":[14,45,157],"robust":[15],"video-level":[16],"forgery-detection":[17],"methods.":[18],"Many":[19],"existing":[20],"approaches":[21],"analyse":[22],"individual":[23],"frames":[24,52],"independently":[25],"overlook":[27],"temporal":[28,79],"dependencies,":[29],"thereby":[30,54],"weakening":[31],"generalisation":[33],"unseen":[35],"manipulation":[36],"techniques.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"introduces":[40],"3D-CoAtNet,":[41],"spatiotemporal":[43],"architecture":[44],"deepfake":[46,158],"video":[47],"detection":[48],"that":[49,100,118],"processes":[50],"multiple":[51,82],"simultaneously,":[53],"reducing":[55],"reliance":[56],"on":[57,106],"single-frame":[58],"artefacts.":[59],"The":[60],"model":[61,156],"inflates":[62],"CoAtNet\u2019s":[63],"2D":[64],"convolutional,":[65],"residual,":[66],"pooling,":[67],"self-attention":[69],"layers":[70],"into":[71],"their":[72],"3D":[73],"counterparts":[74],"learn":[76],"spatial":[77],"representations":[80],"from":[81,93],"frames.":[83],"We":[84],"evaluated":[85],"two":[86],"input":[87],"modalities:":[88],"RGB":[89],"15-frame":[90,97],"clips":[91],"sampled":[92],"each":[94],"video,":[95],"optical-flow":[98],"sequences":[99],"capture":[101],"motion":[102],"cues.":[103],"Extensive":[104],"experiments":[105],"FaceForensics++":[107],"(FF++),":[108],"DFDC,":[109],"Celeb-DF":[111],"under":[112],"intra-":[113],"cross-dataset":[115,145],"settings":[116],"show":[117],"3D-CoAtNet":[119,143,155],"is":[120],"competitive":[121],"in":[122,126],"intra-dataset":[123],"evaluations":[124],"(best":[125],"DeepFakes":[128],"dataset)":[129],"transfers":[131],"well":[132],"Celeb-DF.":[134],"Moreover,":[135],"although":[136],"frame-based":[137],"CoAtNet16A":[138],"achieves":[139],"strong":[140],"within-dataset":[141],"accuracy,":[142],"improves":[144],"generalisation.":[146],"These":[147],"findings":[148],"highlight":[149],"importance":[151],"of":[152],"proposed":[154],"forensics.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-21T00:00:00"}
