{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130558179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666222","title":"Adaptive Runtime Risk Assessment With Aging-Aware Feasibility for Safety-Critical Systems","display_name":"Adaptive Runtime Risk Assessment With Aging-Aware Feasibility for Safety-Critical Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130558179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666222"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666222","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092581745","display_name":"Yaman Qendah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yaman Qendah","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-8602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106833671","display_name":"Jannis Hamborg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-8230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jannis Hamborg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-8230","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016833533","display_name":"Christoph Krau\u00df","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-7574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107257983","display_name":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/047wbd030","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Krau\u00df","raw_affiliation_strings":["Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7776-7574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences, Darmstadt, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107257983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036400192","display_name":"Stefan Katzenbeisser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3608-874X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186354981","display_name":"University of Passau","ror":"https://ror.org/05ydjnb78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Katzenbeisser","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Passau, Passau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3608-874X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Passau, Passau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092581745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186354981"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29739494,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"30087","last_page":"30106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.4334999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.4334999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.24150000512599945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.06120000034570694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initialization","display_name":"Initialization","score":0.5583999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.4977000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.41999998688697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6168000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114466953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6034165","display_name":"Initialization","level":2,"score":0.5583999752998352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.4977000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.4641000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202973057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380130","display_name":"Runtime verification","level":3,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.3352000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148493468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2646951","display_name":"Functional safety","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52970973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2497134","display_name":"Adaptive system","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.319599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42259789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392940","display_name":"Fail-safe","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107094494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428453","display_name":"Fault tree analysis","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2535000145435333}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666222","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1572837412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"503329135","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52463634","https://openalex.org/W1612040247","https://openalex.org/W1968337609","https://openalex.org/W2118097396","https://openalex.org/W2182001525","https://openalex.org/W2366693472","https://openalex.org/W2369295637","https://openalex.org/W2514968539","https://openalex.org/W2736110559","https://openalex.org/W2791828696","https://openalex.org/W2967819419","https://openalex.org/W3015296286","https://openalex.org/W3081031912","https://openalex.org/W3108757117","https://openalex.org/W3136050648","https://openalex.org/W3150755857","https://openalex.org/W3159208551","https://openalex.org/W3197150410","https://openalex.org/W3215578307","https://openalex.org/W4200347967","https://openalex.org/W4206642164","https://openalex.org/W4210616753","https://openalex.org/W4210669979","https://openalex.org/W4210689082","https://openalex.org/W4283458763","https://openalex.org/W4292002636","https://openalex.org/W4293498915","https://openalex.org/W4298625430","https://openalex.org/W4313203535","https://openalex.org/W4391248611","https://openalex.org/W4399920779","https://openalex.org/W4400232310","https://openalex.org/W4400489834","https://openalex.org/W4402263746","https://openalex.org/W4406267319"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"safety-critical":[1],"systems,":[2],"such":[3],"as":[4,59],"vehicles,":[5],"continuous":[6,48],"and":[7,23,69,88,126,129,151,160],"adaptive":[8,152],"risk":[9,50,95,153],"assessment":[10],"is":[11],"essential":[12],"for":[13,47,166],"maintaining":[14],"security":[15],"throughout":[16],"the":[17,29,54,98,107,147],"system":[18,148],"lifecycle.":[19],"Traditional":[20],"Threat":[21],"Analysis":[22],"Risk":[24],"Assessments":[25],"(TARAs),":[26],"confined":[27],"to":[28,36,93,115,138],"design":[30],"phase":[31,77],"of":[32,106],"a":[33,45,60,79,139,162],"system,":[34],"fail":[35],"address":[37],"unforeseen":[38],"vulnerabilities":[39,87],"during":[40,67,73],"operation.":[41],"This":[42],"paper":[43],"introduces":[44],"framework":[46,108,121],"runtime":[49,76,112],"assessment,":[51],"aligned":[52],"with":[53],"automotive":[55,124],"standard":[56],"ISO/SAE":[57],"21434":[58],"concrete":[61],"application":[62],"scenario,":[63],"combining":[64],"classical":[65],"TARA":[66],"initialization":[68],"an":[70,90,132],"adapted":[71],"version":[72],"runtime.":[74],"The":[75,104],"updates":[78],"preweighted":[80],"Attack":[81],"Tree":[82],"(AT)":[83],"based":[84],"on":[85],"emerging":[86],"applies":[89],"aging":[91],"function":[92],"adjust":[94],"feasibility":[96],"using":[97,122],"Common":[99],"Vulnerability":[100],"Scoring":[101],"System":[102],"(CVSS).":[103],"novelty":[105],"lies":[109],"in":[110],"its":[111],"adaptation":[113],"capability":[114],"new":[116],"threats.":[117],"We":[118],"evaluate":[119],"our":[120],"representative":[123],"architectures":[125],"attack":[127],"scenarios":[128],"further":[130],"conduct":[131],"extensive":[133],"evaluation":[134],"by":[135],"applying":[136],"it":[137],"generic":[140],"autonomous":[141],"vehicular":[142],"architecture.":[143],"Results":[144],"demonstrate":[145],"that":[146],"delivers":[149],"timely":[150],"assessments,":[154],"effectively":[155],"manages":[156],"evolving":[157],"cybersecurity":[158],"threats,":[159],"offers":[161],"resource-efficient":[163],"solution":[164],"suitable":[165],"real-world":[167],"deployment.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}
