{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130392860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666001","title":"Revisiting the Conventional Formula for the Leakage Factor in Modulated Leaky-Wave Antennas From a Rigorous Perspective Based on Rectangular Waveguides","display_name":"Revisiting the Conventional Formula for the Leakage Factor in Modulated Leaky-Wave Antennas From a Rigorous Perspective Based on Rectangular Waveguides","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130392860","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666001"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666001","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018776272","display_name":"Pablo Mateos-Ru\u00edz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-4511"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Mateos-Ruiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), University of M&#x00E1;laga, M&#x00E1;laga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1299-4511","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), University of M&#x00E1;laga, M&#x00E1;laga, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027679239","display_name":"Elena Abdo\u2010S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0239-7406"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Abdo-S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), University of M&#x00E1;laga, M&#x00E1;laga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0239-7406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), University of M&#x00E1;laga, M&#x00E1;laga, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065060500","display_name":"C. Camacho\u2010Pe\u00f1alosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-0406"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Camacho-Pe\u00f1alosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), University of M&#x00E1;laga, M&#x00E1;laga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8810-0406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telecommunication Research Institute (TELMA), University of M&#x00E1;laga, M&#x00E1;laga, Spain","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2650788,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"27458","last_page":"27464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.44690001010894775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.44690001010894775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.15649999678134918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.1339000016450882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transverse-plane","display_name":"Transverse plane","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-and-far-field","display_name":"Near and far field","score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limit","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveguide","display_name":"Waveguide","score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation","display_name":"Radiation","score":0.39250001311302185}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.532800018787384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154954056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1604164","display_name":"Transverse plane","level":2,"score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.4611999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13405516","display_name":"Near and far field","level":2,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41370001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4104999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200687136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11233438","display_name":"Waveguide","level":2,"score":0.39329999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.39250001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151764478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571921","display_name":"Radiation pattern","level":3,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113407356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1431214","display_name":"Spectral leakage","level":3,"score":0.35019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137705275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571946","display_name":"Antenna aperture","level":4,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187725362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830521","display_name":"Q factor","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9508911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5448831","display_name":"Filling factor","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55310301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75384","display_name":"Transmission coefficient","level":3,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194136796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597069","display_name":"Transverse mode","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195761226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4748492","display_name":"Amplification factor","level":4,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.2621000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30475298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909554","display_name":"Computational physics","level":1,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183442339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509349","display_name":"Leaky mode","level":5,"score":0.25920000672340393}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3666001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3666001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2357348444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2022-141193OB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7555588454","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FPU20/03240","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16],"radiation":[1,150],"pattern":[2],"and":[3,115,147],"efficiency":[4],"of":[5,92,95,118],"a":[6,76,80,85,112],"leaky-wave":[7],"antenna":[8],"is":[9,20,101,108,122],"dependent":[10],"on":[11],"its":[12,62,106],"aperture":[13],"field":[14,18,51,87],"distribution.":[15],"required":[17],"magnitude":[19],"achieved":[21],"by":[22,110],"modulating":[23],"the":[24,28,37,50,55,90,93,96,116,119,132,138,149],"leakage":[25,98,134],"factor":[26,99,135],"along":[27,61],"antenna,":[29],"for":[30,103],"which":[31],"an":[32],"approximate":[33,120,133],"formula":[34,69,121],"derived":[35],"in":[36,70,144],"last":[38],"century":[39],"continues":[40],"to":[41,72],"be":[42],"widely":[43],"used":[44],"nowadays.":[45],"However,":[46],"this":[47,67,104],"expression":[48],"assumes":[49],"transverse":[52],"profile":[53],"inside":[54],"guiding":[56],"structure":[57],"does":[58],"not":[59],"change":[60],"length.":[63],"This":[64],"contribution":[65],"revisits":[66],"well-known":[68],"order":[71],"obtain":[73],"it":[74],"from":[75,137],"rigorous":[77],"approach":[78],"assuming":[79],"leaky":[81],"rectangular":[82],"waveguide":[83],"supporting":[84],"TE":[86],"configuration.":[88],"Thus,":[89],"origin":[91],"limitation":[94],"maximum":[97],"value":[100],"explained":[102],"scenario,":[105],"influence":[107],"quantified":[109],"establishing":[111],"numerical":[113],"criterion,":[114],"validity":[117],"justified.":[123],"Finally,":[124],"some":[125],"analytical":[126],"examples":[127],"are":[128,152],"discussed,":[129],"showing":[130],"how":[131,148],"differs":[136],"more":[139],"accurate":[140],"numerically":[141],"computed":[142],"one":[143],"limit":[145],"cases,":[146],"patterns":[151],"affected.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}
