{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129098105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664945","title":"A Comprehensive Review of EV Chargers: Topologies, Standards, Commercial Implementations, and Research Challenges","display_name":"A Comprehensive Review of EV Chargers: Topologies, Standards, Commercial Implementations, and Research Challenges","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129098105","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664945"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3664945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664945","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5096909007","display_name":"Srinu Ruttala","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153924","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/0456pcg54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153924"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Srinu Ruttala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1818-3976","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041365556","display_name":"Jayaram Nakka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9372-0976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153924","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/0456pcg54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153924"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nakka Jayaram","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079611820","display_name":"Balram Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1968-1953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153924","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh","ror":"https://ror.org/0456pcg54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153924"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Balram Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1968-1953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126073954","display_name":"S.V.K. Naresh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131147","display_name":"SRM University","ror":"https://ror.org/037skf023","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145286018","https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. V. K. Naresh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7126-9918","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM University-AP, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131147"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5096909007"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153924"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.29718036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"25623","last_page":"25649"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.4537999927997589,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.4537999927997589,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.23260000348091125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.16259999573230743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.6047999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5667999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-power-transfer","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.31119999289512634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.6047999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5667999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5534999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4277999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779423816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6856398","display_name":"Wireless power transfer","level":3,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778774385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4437810","display_name":"Power management","level":3,"score":0.30869999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.30660000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178911571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593143","display_name":"Power electronics","level":3,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983254600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Power grid","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177454536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578290","display_name":"Emphasis (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.2745000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C552854447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201","display_name":"Sustainable development","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530198007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831","display_name":"Integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983317576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Power demand","level":4,"score":0.26019999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3664945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3664945","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664945","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5804422497749329}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,50],"rapid":[1],"growth":[2],"of":[3,36,72,86,92,122,217],"electric":[4],"vehicles":[5],"(EVs)":[6],"has":[7],"significantly":[8],"accelerated":[9],"the":[10,24,53,84,118,213],"demand":[11],"for":[12,125,206],"advanced":[13],"charging":[14,48,96,223],"technologies":[15],"in":[16,171],"both":[17,101],"on-board":[18,73,219],"and":[19,44,59,68,76,94,103,110,120,130,139,151,164,181,194,209,215,220,229],"off-board":[20,77,221],"chargers":[21,74,79],"to":[22,82,135,200,211],"support":[23],"global":[25],"transition":[26],"toward":[27],"sustainable":[28,230],"mobility.":[29],"This":[30],"review":[31],"provides":[32],"a":[33,203],"comprehensive":[34,204],"analysis":[35],"EV":[37,222],"charger":[38,64],"technologies,":[39],"covering":[40],"design":[41,189],"architectures,":[42],"configurations,":[43],"compliance":[45],"with":[46,133],"international":[47],"standards.":[49],"study":[51],"examines":[52],"major":[54],"components":[55],"including":[56,161],"power":[57,66,126],"semiconductors,":[58],"other":[60],"circuits":[61],"that":[62,225],"govern":[63],"efficiency,":[65,136],"density,":[67],"cost.":[69],"Commercial":[70],"examples":[71],"(OBCs)":[75],"fast":[78],"are":[80,155,185],"presented":[81],"highlight":[83],"state":[85],"industrial":[87],"adoption.":[88],"A":[89],"detailed":[90],"comparison":[91],"single-phase":[93],"three-phase":[95],"topologies":[97,124],"is":[98,115],"provided,":[99],"addressing":[100],"unidirectional":[102],"bidirectional":[104],"capabilities,":[105],"as":[106,108,144,202],"well":[107],"isolated":[109],"non-isolated":[111],"designs.":[112],"Particular":[113],"emphasis":[114],"placed":[116],"on":[117],"evaluation":[119],"selection":[121],"converter":[123],"factor":[127],"correction":[128],"(PFC)":[129],"DC\u2013DC":[131],"stages,":[132],"respect":[134],"harmonic":[137],"performance,":[138],"scalability.":[140],"Recent":[141],"advancements":[142],"such":[143],"wide-bandgap":[145],"semiconductor":[146],"integration,":[147],"modular":[148],"multilevel":[149],"converters,":[150],"intelligent":[152],"thermal":[153],"management":[154],"critically":[156],"analyzed":[157],"alongside":[158],"persistent":[159],"challenges,":[160,196],"electromagnetic":[162],"interference,":[163],"grid":[165],"interoperability.":[166],"Furthermore,":[167],"emerging":[168],"research":[169,195],"opportunities":[170],"wireless":[172],"charging,":[173],"integrated":[174],"charger\u2013drive":[175],"systems,":[176],"vehicle-to-grid":[177],"(V2G),":[178],"vehicle-to-home":[179],"(V2H),":[180],"vehicle-to-load":[182],"(V2L)":[183],"applications":[184],"discussed.":[186],"By":[187],"consolidating":[188],"considerations,":[190],"standards,":[191],"topological":[192],"comparisons,":[193],"this":[197],"work":[198],"aims":[199],"serve":[201],"reference":[205],"researchers,":[207],"engineers,":[208],"policymakers":[210],"accelerate":[212],"development":[214],"deployment":[216],"next-generation":[218],"solutions":[224],"enable":[226],"efficient,":[227],"reliable,":[228],"e-mobility.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}