{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128817351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664279","title":"Blendshape-Based Facial Animation Using OPF and Random Forest","display_name":"Blendshape-Based Facial Animation Using OPF and Random Forest","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128817351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664279"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3664279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664279","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125892556","display_name":"Carlos E. R. C Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos E. R. C. Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3222-221X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125937092","display_name":"Silvio R. R. Sanches","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvio R. R. Sanches","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-7477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068997665","display_name":"Claiton de Oliveira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2953-6223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claiton Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2953-6223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084947546","display_name":"Henrique Yoshikazu Shishido","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1137-1678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrique Y. Shishido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1137-1678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125888564","display_name":"Danilo S. Sanches","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283613182","display_name":"Universidade Tecnol\u00f3gica Federal do Paran\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/002v2kq79","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo S. Sanches","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-5221","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Technology—Paraná, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283613182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013165228","display_name":"Ant\u00f4nio Carlos Sementille","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4337-514X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio C. Sementille","raw_affiliation_strings":["São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4337-514X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14818196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"26105","last_page":"26117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9453999996185303,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.013100000098347664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-facial-animation","display_name":"Computer facial animation","score":0.718500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6796000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animation","display_name":"Animation","score":0.6733999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-motion-capture","display_name":"Facial motion capture","score":0.5242999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-animation","display_name":"Computer animation","score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.45660001039505005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.847100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138591656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157538","display_name":"Computer facial animation","level":4,"score":0.718500018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6796000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502989409","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11425","display_name":"Animation","level":2,"score":0.6733999848365784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6279000043869019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98907195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428562","display_name":"Facial motion capture","level":5,"score":0.5242999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69369342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401416","display_name":"Computer animation","level":3,"score":0.46470001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.45660001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4372999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48007421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676252","display_name":"Motion capture","level":3,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.34310001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991685","display_name":"Solid modeling","level":2,"score":0.3398999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3125999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83248878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q344000","display_name":"Active appearance model","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29269999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54654163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428359","display_name":"Face hallucination","level":5,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40346341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391629","display_name":"Facial Action Coding System","level":3,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.263700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60851780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056736","display_name":"Interactive skeleton-driven simulation","level":5,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780905192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2341604","display_name":"Facial muscles","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3664279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3664279","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3664279","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569530544","https://openalex.org/W1595126664","https://openalex.org/W2012048984","https://openalex.org/W2039239232","https://openalex.org/W2042333532","https://openalex.org/W2045472600","https://openalex.org/W2052938131","https://openalex.org/W2058961190","https://openalex.org/W2084235337","https://openalex.org/W2103943262","https://openalex.org/W2807567209","https://openalex.org/W2893441059","https://openalex.org/W2896274330","https://openalex.org/W2898206353","https://openalex.org/W3007459975","https://openalex.org/W3047277396","https://openalex.org/W3136489197","https://openalex.org/W4248916828","https://openalex.org/W4304779562","https://openalex.org/W4388937740","https://openalex.org/W4394002120","https://openalex.org/W4396877932","https://openalex.org/W4401331399","https://openalex.org/W4401425724","https://openalex.org/W4409973677"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"decades,":[2],"interest":[3],"in":[4,24,34,52,62],"capturing":[5],"human":[6,111],"facial":[7,11,19,47,75,97,112],"movements":[8],"and":[9,28,65,114],"identifying":[10],"expressions":[12,84,113,148],"for":[13],"the":[14,25,29,43,53,63,82,108],"purpose":[15],"of":[16,55,126,130],"generating":[17],"realistic":[18,91],"animations":[20],"has":[21],"increased,":[22],"both":[23],"scientific":[26],"community":[27],"entertainment":[30],"industry.":[31],"High":[32],"accuracy":[33],"this":[35],"process":[36],"is":[37],"necessary":[38],"because":[39],"humans":[40],"naturally":[41],"develop":[42],"ability":[44],"to":[45,80,106,118,142],"identify":[46,107],"expressions.":[48],"Then,":[49],"slight":[50],"imperfections":[51],"animation":[54,98],"a":[56,96,102,119,124,127],"virtual":[57],"face":[58,120],"become":[59],"noticeable,":[60],"especially":[61],"eyes":[64],"mouth":[66],"region.":[67],"To":[68],"reduce":[69],"these":[70],"artifacts,":[71],"some":[72],"solutions":[73],"use":[74],"motion":[76],"retargeting,":[77],"which":[78],"helps":[79],"transfer":[81],"actor\u2019s":[83],"more":[85,90],"faithfully":[86],"and,":[87],"consequently,":[88],"produce":[89],"animations.":[92],"This":[93],"paper":[94],"presents":[95],"method":[99],"that":[100,149],"utilizes":[101],"supervised":[103],"classifier":[104],"model":[105,121],"most":[109],"common":[110],"automatically":[115],"redirect":[116],"them":[117],"generated":[122],"from":[123],"combination":[125],"small":[128],"number":[129],"blendshapes.":[131],"The":[132],"results":[133],"showed":[134],"that,":[135],"even":[136],"when":[137],"using":[138],"conventional":[139],"RGB":[140],"cameras":[141],"capture":[143],"faces,":[144],"our":[145],"approach":[146],"generates":[147],"closely":[150],"resemble":[151],"reality.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}