{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128603979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663589","title":"Automatic Scoring System for Digitized Handwritten Answers","display_name":"Automatic Scoring System for Digitized Handwritten Answers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128603979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663589"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3663589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663589","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026066271","display_name":"Tomo Asakura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166311279","display_name":"Wacom (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/001tx6p24","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomo Asakura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125646376","display_name":"Hung T. Nguyen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hung T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4751-1302","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109480574","display_name":"Thanh-Nghia Truong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanh-Nghia Truong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125641188","display_name":"Yoichi Tsuchida","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166311279","display_name":"Wacom (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/001tx6p24","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoichi Tsuchida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108137431","display_name":"Takahiro Yamamoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166311279","display_name":"Wacom (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/001tx6p24","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Yamamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125645574","display_name":"Hiroshi Miyazawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166311279","display_name":"Wacom (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/001tx6p24","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Miyazawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018335549","display_name":"Nam Tuan Ly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0856-3196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam T. Ly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065586639","display_name":"Masato Nemoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166311279","display_name":"Wacom (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/001tx6p24","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masato Nemoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041194908","display_name":"Masamitsu Ito","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-1535"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166311279","display_name":"Wacom (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/001tx6p24","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masamitsu Ito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111311919","display_name":"Toshihiko Horie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166311279","display_name":"Wacom (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/001tx6p24","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshihiko Horie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wacom Company Ltd., 2-510-1 Toyonodai, Kazo-shi, Saitama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166311279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Keiichi Kaneko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-4615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keiichi Kaneko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1790-4615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125670211","display_name":"Masaki Nakagawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92614990","display_name":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qg0kr10","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masaki Nakagawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92614990"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13880786,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"25949","last_page":"25967"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.559499979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.559499979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12070","display_name":"Writing and Handwriting Education","score":0.08529999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.041600000113248825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scoring-system","display_name":"Scoring system","score":0.8263000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.760200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-positive-paradox","display_name":"False positive paradox","score":0.6180999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/f1-score","display_name":"F1 score","score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.41609999537467957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984538763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2260590","display_name":"Scoring system","level":2,"score":0.8263000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7651000022888184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.760200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64869954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859747","display_name":"False positive paradox","level":2,"score":0.6180999875068665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41609999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83282275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7435350","display_name":"Scoring algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989486834","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3808900","display_name":"True positive rate","level":2,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36660000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3357999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112640561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2440634","display_name":"Handwriting recognition","level":3,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2703000009059906}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3663589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3663589","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663589","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8994094133377075,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1881443189","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JP24H00738","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,222],"system":[3,32,51,68],"for":[4,57,123,183,221],"automatic":[5,205,230],"and":[6,15,24,59,76,92,128,150,209,228],"semiautomatic":[7],"scoring":[8,28,47,90,139,169,231],"of":[9,20,126,142,159,172,224],"handwritten":[10,110,226],"answers":[11,104,111,143,227],"in":[12,112,232],"Japanese,":[13,185],"English,":[14],"mathematics,":[16],"assuming":[17],"the":[18,31,42,50,53,65,97,103,108,113,136,160,197,219],"use":[19],"an":[21,82],"electronic":[22],"pen":[23],"paper.":[25],"When":[26,45],"quick":[27],"is":[29,48,84],"prioritized,":[30],"directly":[33],"returns":[34],"automatically":[35],"scored":[36,149],"results":[37,54],"to":[38,55,64,79,101],"answerers":[39],"without":[40],"requiring":[41],"scorers\u2019":[43,161],"verification.":[44],"reliable":[46],"required,":[49],"shows":[52],"scorers":[56,78],"confirmation":[58],"correction":[60],"before":[61],"being":[62],"disclosed":[63],"answerers.":[66],"The":[67,166],"comprises":[69],"handwriting":[70],"recognizers":[71],"using":[72],"deep":[73],"neural":[74],"networks":[75],"text-based":[77],"determine":[80],"whether":[81],"answer":[83,203],"correct,":[85],"incorrect,":[86],"or":[87],"rejected.":[88],"Question-specific":[89],"methods":[91],"rules":[93],"(rubrics)":[94],"(defined":[95],"by":[96],"scorers)":[98],"are":[99],"used":[100],"score":[102,207,210],"consistently.":[105],"To":[106],"evaluate":[107],"system,":[109,199],"three":[114],"subjects":[115],"were":[116],"collected":[117],"from":[118],"at":[119],"least":[120],"50":[121],"students":[122],"all":[124],"grades":[125],"elementary":[127],"junior":[129],"high":[130],"schools.":[131],"Scoring":[132],"experiments":[133,195],"showed":[134],"that":[135,156,175],"average":[137,167],"human":[138],"rate":[140,170],"(percentage":[141],"rejected":[144],"plus":[145],"those":[146],"falsely":[147],"negatively":[148],"claimed)":[151],"was":[152,180],"under":[153],"30%,":[154],"indicating":[155],"approximately":[157],"70%":[158],"workload":[162],"could":[163],"be":[164,178],"reduced.":[165],"risk":[168],"(ratio":[171],"false":[173],"positives":[174],"may":[176],"not":[177],"reported)":[179],"<2%,":[181],"except":[182],"second-grade":[184],"which":[186],"requires":[187],"precise":[188],"character":[189],"writing.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"we":[192],"conducted":[193],"feasibility":[194],"on":[196],"entire":[198],"including":[200],"question":[201],"distribution,":[202],"capture,":[204],"scoring,":[206],"correction,":[208],"return,":[211],"with":[212],"participants":[213],"expressing":[214],"satisfaction.":[215],"This":[216],"study":[217],"lays":[218],"groundwork":[220],"cycle":[223],"collecting":[225],"improving":[229],"educational":[233],"contexts.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-21T06:11:54.161237","created_date":"2026-02-12T00:00:00"}
