{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128543094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663161","title":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128543094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663161"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3663161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663161","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Osman Kaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-2166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4101805","display_name":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0547yzj13","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4101805"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osman Kaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-2166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4101805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012800230","display_name":"A. F. M. Shahen Shah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-6557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4101805","display_name":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/0547yzj13","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4101805"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. F. M. Shahen Shah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3133-6557","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4101805"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004727100","display_name":"Muhammet Ali Karabulut","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2080-5485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99312532","display_name":"Turkish Air Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01psaa030","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99312532"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammet Ali Karabulut","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Engineering Department, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defense University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2080-5485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Engineering Department, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defense University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99312532"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125547638","display_name":"Sumeye Nur Karahan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092500","display_name":"T\u00fcrk Telekom (Turkey)","ror":"https://ror.org/002famp79","country_code":"TR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092500"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumeye Nur Karahan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Development Department, Turk Telekom, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7856-7053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Development Department, Turk Telekom, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054308127","display_name":"Mustafa Serdar Osmanca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6939-2765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092500","display_name":"T\u00fcrk Telekom (Turkey)","ror":"https://ror.org/002famp79","country_code":"TR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092500"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mustafa Serdar Osmanca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Development Department, Turk Telekom, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6939-2765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Development Department, Turk Telekom, Ankara, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125490974","display_name":"Nurettin Ac\u0131r","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99312532","display_name":"Turkish Air Force Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/01psaa030","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99312532"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nurettin Ac\u0131r","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics Engineering Department, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defense University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Engineering Department, Turkish Air Force Academy, National Defense University, Istanbul, T&#x00FC;rkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99312532"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":19.5563,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98082537,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"27394","last_page":"27417"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.849399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.849399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.10559999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7027999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.6280999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.42669999599456787}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7105000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7027999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.6280999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5648000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45840001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42669999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512654426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19652","display_name":"Public domain","level":2,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517642484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388514","display_name":"Intelligence analysis","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3663161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3663161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3663161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.500008225440979,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"aim":[1],"of":[2,73],"explainable":[3],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(XAI)":[6],"is":[7],"to":[8,95,135,144],"address":[9],"the":[10,92,105],"black-box":[11],"problem":[12],"in":[13,29],"high-stakes":[14],"applications.":[15],"However,":[16],"transparency":[17],"alone":[18],"does":[19],"not":[20],"guarantee":[21],"trust.":[22],"This":[23,154],"review":[24,155],"examines":[25],"a":[26],"critical":[27],"paradox":[28],"XAI":[30],"research.":[31],"While":[32],"explanation":[33,131],"methods":[34,132],"can":[35,47],"generate":[36],"insights,":[37],"three":[38],"main":[39],"challenges":[40],"limit":[41],"their":[42],"effectiveness.":[43],"Firstly,":[44],"adversarial":[45,145],"manipulations":[46],"exploit":[48],"explanations":[49],"by":[50],"creating":[51],"new":[52],"attack":[53],"surfaces":[54],"with":[55,140,149],"over":[56,120],"ninety":[57],"percent":[58,72,83],"success":[59],"while":[60],"preserving":[61],"model":[62],"accuracy.":[63],"Secondly,":[64],"evaluation":[65,162],"practices":[66],"remain":[67],"primarily":[68],"computational.":[69],"Only":[70],"twenty-six":[71],"user":[74],"studies":[75],"follow":[76],"human-centered":[77],"protocols":[78],"and":[79,110,112,147,164],"fewer":[80],"than":[81],"twenty-three":[82],"involve":[84],"domain":[85],"experts.":[86],"Thirdly,":[87],"regulatory":[88,165],"requirements,":[89],"such":[90],"as":[91],"GDPR":[93],"right":[94],"explanation,":[96],"lack":[97],"clear":[98],"technical":[99,160],"implementations,":[100],"complicating":[101],"compliance.":[102],"We":[103],"analyzed":[104],"literature":[106],"across":[107],"finance,":[108],"healthcare,":[109],"cybersecurity":[111],"found":[113],"that":[114,137],"current":[115],"research":[116],"emphasizes":[117],"algorithmic":[118],"innovation":[119],"practical":[121],"deployment.":[122,169],"Moving":[123],"toward":[124],"reliable":[125],"AI":[126],"requires":[127],"shifting":[128],"from":[129],"simple":[130],"(XAI":[133,152],"1.0)":[134],"systems":[136],"are":[138],"aligned":[139],"human":[141],"understanding,":[142],"resistant":[143],"attacks,":[146],"compliant":[148],"legal":[150],"requirements":[151],"2.0).":[153],"provides":[156],"guidance":[157],"on":[158],"key":[159],"advances,":[161],"strategies":[163],"clarifications":[166],"necessary":[167],"for":[168],"trustworthy":[170],"AI.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}
