{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128448676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662474","title":"Flexible Inspection of Defects in Liquid Crystal Display Panels: A Review","display_name":"Flexible Inspection of Defects in Liquid Crystal Display Panels: A Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128448676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662474"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662474","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jing Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2697-1699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2697-1699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100578665","display_name":"Sheng Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9050-1137"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheng Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9050-1137","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015958624","display_name":"Xiaoyue Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098777","display_name":"Fujian Research Institute of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/00xphjh14","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098777"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyue Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nancheng County Institute of Machine Vision Industry Technology, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nancheng County Institute of Machine Vision Industry Technology, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125455708","display_name":"Qian Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91125648","display_name":"Wuhan Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04jcykh16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91125648"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123655984","display_name":"Yadong Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098777","display_name":"Fujian Research Institute of Light Industry","ror":"https://ror.org/00xphjh14","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098777"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yadong Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nancheng County Institute of Machine Vision Industry Technology, Fuzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nancheng County Institute of Machine Vision Industry Technology, Fuzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":9.0775,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95225079,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"22851","last_page":"22869"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13049","display_name":"Surface Roughness and Optical Measurements","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/changeover","display_name":"Changeover","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5812000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mura","display_name":"Mura","score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4542999863624573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5071912","display_name":"Changeover","level":3,"score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7134000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5812000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776147852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6937160","display_name":"Mura","level":3,"score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5142999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.45890000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128019096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83341","display_name":"Liquid-crystal display","level":2,"score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.399399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175700187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187939","display_name":"Manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.28130000829696655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56397880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6044094","display_name":"Intelligent decision support system","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662474","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662474","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6498463749885559,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G579653350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FZKJ202409ZB04","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316318","funder_display_name":"Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316318","display_name":"Fuzhou Science and Technology Bureau","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990338859","https://openalex.org/W2020232159","https://openalex.org/W2028366808","https://openalex.org/W2042386436","https://openalex.org/W2045403710","https://openalex.org/W2128532956","https://openalex.org/W2155524740","https://openalex.org/W2260272222","https://openalex.org/W2314799009","https://openalex.org/W2547558940","https://openalex.org/W2568595749","https://openalex.org/W2610609958","https://openalex.org/W2742906719","https://openalex.org/W2770908349","https://openalex.org/W2939477879","https://openalex.org/W2964086552","https://openalex.org/W2991627687","https://openalex.org/W2998508940","https://openalex.org/W3012223151","https://openalex.org/W3020094642","https://openalex.org/W3034169961","https://openalex.org/W3084840705","https://openalex.org/W3111008854","https://openalex.org/W3119787359","https://openalex.org/W3120046627","https://openalex.org/W3131086641","https://openalex.org/W3174670756","https://openalex.org/W4224281237","https://openalex.org/W4226216903","https://openalex.org/W4235926721","https://openalex.org/W4291116974","https://openalex.org/W4294608622","https://openalex.org/W4298152870","https://openalex.org/W4307093191","https://openalex.org/W4308916682","https://openalex.org/W4310220157","https://openalex.org/W4311415873","https://openalex.org/W4312645681","https://openalex.org/W4312796107","https://openalex.org/W4322733148","https://openalex.org/W4362637019","https://openalex.org/W4383375911","https://openalex.org/W4385526255","https://openalex.org/W4385771401","https://openalex.org/W4386714903","https://openalex.org/W4387766320","https://openalex.org/W4387831758","https://openalex.org/W4388016341","https://openalex.org/W4389080172","https://openalex.org/W4389913994","https://openalex.org/W4396727484","https://openalex.org/W4398152335","https://openalex.org/W4399653117","https://openalex.org/W4401806216","https://openalex.org/W4402961681","https://openalex.org/W4403954598","https://openalex.org/W4404189649","https://openalex.org/W4404991222","https://openalex.org/W4407008805","https://openalex.org/W4409387725","https://openalex.org/W4409948467","https://openalex.org/W4410589936","https://openalex.org/W4410866462","https://openalex.org/W4411674144"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,40,56,69,112,148,166,172,188],"liquid":[2],"crystal":[3],"display":[4],"(LCD)":[5],"manufacturing":[6,58],"industry":[7],"transitions":[8],"toward":[9],"a":[10,52,123,157,179],"high-mix,":[11],"low-volume":[12],"(HMLV)":[13],"production":[14],"model,":[15],"traditional":[16,151],"defect":[17,60,65,109],"detection":[18],"methods":[19],"struggle":[20],"to":[21,24],"adapt":[22],"due":[23],"their":[25,94],"limited":[26],"generalization":[27],"capabilities":[28],"and":[29,63,91,107,121,143,183],"heavy":[30],"reliance":[31],"on":[32],"extensive":[33],"labeled":[34],"data.":[35],"This":[36,129],"paper":[37,119,155,173],"systematically":[38],"reviews":[39],"research":[41],"progress":[42],"of":[43,72,81,114,150,191],"flexibility-oriented":[44],"intelligent":[45,194],"inspection":[46,196],"algorithms.":[47],"The":[48],"article":[49],"first":[50],"establishes":[51,156],"theoretical":[53,181],"foundation":[54],"covering":[55],"LCD":[57,195],"process,":[59],"genesis":[61],"mechanisms,":[62],"Mura":[64],"quantification,":[66],"while":[67],"emphasizing":[68],"prerequisite":[70],"role":[71],"imaging":[73],"hardware.":[74],"Subsequently,":[75],"it":[76],"provides":[77],"an":[78],"in-depth":[79],"analysis":[80],"five":[82],"key":[83,116],"technologies\u2014meta-learning,":[84],"transfer":[85],"learning,":[86,88],"zero-shot":[87],"multimodal":[89],"fusion,":[90],"data":[92,103],"augmentation\u2014elucidating":[93],"respective":[95],"unique":[96],"advantages":[97],"in":[98],"addressing":[99,147],"challenges":[100],"such":[101,164],"as":[102,165],"scarcity,":[104],"feature":[105],"heterogeneity,":[106],"unknown":[108],"recognition.":[110],"Synthesizing":[111],"characteristics":[113],"these":[115],"technologies,":[117],"this":[118,154],"summarizes":[120],"proposes":[122],"Hierarchical":[124],"Flexible":[125],"Inspection":[126],"Framework":[127],"(HFIF).":[128],"framework":[130],"maps":[131],"discrete":[132],"algorithmic":[133],"logic":[134],"into":[135],"three":[136],"distinct":[137],"layers:":[138],"Data":[139],"Foundation,":[140],"Feature":[141],"Representation,":[142],"Task":[144],"Adaptation.":[145],"Furthermore,":[146],"limitations":[149],"static":[152],"metrics,":[153],"dynamic":[158],"evaluation":[159],"standard":[160],"that":[161],"incorporates":[162],"metrics":[163],"Changeover":[167],"Stability":[168],"Index":[169],"(CSI).":[170],"Finally,":[171],"discusses":[174],"future":[175],"evolutionary":[176],"directions,":[177],"providing":[178],"systematic":[180],"reference":[182],"technical":[184],"pathway":[185],"for":[186],"constructing":[187],"next":[189],"generation":[190],"highly":[192],"adaptive":[193],"systems.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-02-19T06:27:42.648592","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}
