{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128423203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662440","title":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Scalable Multi-Objective Secure and Economic Operation of Flexible Distribution Networks With Congestion Mitigation","display_name":"Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Scalable Multi-Objective Secure and Economic Operation of Flexible Distribution Networks With Congestion Mitigation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128423203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662440","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047169978","display_name":"J Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801045807","display_name":"Shenzhen Stock Exchange","ror":"https://ror.org/058h0n244","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801045807"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiangnan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2968-3020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801045807"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125469961","display_name":"Mingyu Ou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801045807","display_name":"Shenzhen Stock Exchange","ror":"https://ror.org/058h0n244","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801045807"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingyu Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801045807"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112886517","display_name":"Renli Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801045807","display_name":"Shenzhen Stock Exchange","ror":"https://ror.org/058h0n244","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801045807"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Renli Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Power Supply Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801045807"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047169978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801045807"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23761612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"22130","last_page":"22145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.48969998955726624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.48969998955726624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.13269999623298645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.10980000346899033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7724999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7038999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/host","display_name":"Host (biology)","score":0.3776000142097473}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7724999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7470999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7038999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6276999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126831891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221673","display_name":"Host (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.3643999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195563490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180368","display_name":"Network congestion","level":3,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187633118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1317949","display_name":"Economic dispatch","level":4,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778034918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3689301","display_name":"Topology control","level":5,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115527620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769909","display_name":"Nonlinear programming","level":3,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdcc5562649845d1af2b807ba8b31bb9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdcc5562649845d1af2b807ba8b31bb9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 22130-22145 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3662440","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3662440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6727850437164307,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2738379986","https://openalex.org/W2878436760","https://openalex.org/W2952679119","https://openalex.org/W3048426899","https://openalex.org/W3122780823","https://openalex.org/W3159498128","https://openalex.org/W3162436079","https://openalex.org/W3183845133","https://openalex.org/W4206139270","https://openalex.org/W4206269615","https://openalex.org/W4211175495","https://openalex.org/W4285121179","https://openalex.org/W4318407046","https://openalex.org/W4377079857","https://openalex.org/W4393372895","https://openalex.org/W4399057849","https://openalex.org/W4400141094","https://openalex.org/W4403605096","https://openalex.org/W4407937798"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Urban":[0],"distribution":[1],"networks":[2],"increasingly":[3],"host":[4],"heterogeneous":[5],"operator-controlled":[6],"distributed":[7],"energy":[8],"resources":[9],"(DERs),":[10],"storage,":[11],"and":[12,31,62,67,91,97,117,123,141,163,173,201,209],"remotely":[13],"operable":[14],"switches,":[15],"demanding":[16],"secure\u2013economic":[17],"operation":[18],"that":[19,112],"centralized":[20],"mixed-integer":[21],"formulations":[22],"struggle":[23],"to":[24,120,197],"deliver":[25],"in":[26,59],"real":[27],"time":[28,156],"under":[29,69,195],"uncertainty":[30],"scale.":[32],"This":[33],"study":[34],"targets":[35],"three":[36],"gaps:":[37],"unified":[38],"coordination":[39],"of":[40,53],"a":[41,70,76,83,101,108,127,135,183],"hybrid":[42],"action":[43],"space":[44],"coupling":[45],"continuous":[46],"set-points":[47],"with":[48,56,82,107],"discrete":[49],"topology":[50,92],"reconfiguration;":[51],"alignment":[52],"system-level":[54],"objectives":[55],"local":[57],"feasibility":[58],"multi-agent":[60,77],"settings;":[61],"consistency":[63],"between":[64],"resource":[65,90],"adjustments":[66],"switching":[68,170],"training\u2013execution":[71],"decoupled":[72],"paradigm.":[73],"We":[74],"propose":[75],"deep":[78],"reinforcement":[79],"learning":[80],"framework":[81],"two-layer":[84],"centralized-training\u2013":[85],"decentralized-execution":[86],"(CTDE)":[87],"architecture,":[88],"where":[89],"agents":[93],"share":[94],"layer-wise":[95],"critics":[96],"employ":[98],"dual-headed":[99],"policies;":[100],"global\u2013local":[102],"reward":[103],"decomposition":[104],"is":[105],"embedded":[106],"feasibility-aware":[109],"action-projection":[110],"operator":[111],"injects":[113],"AC":[114],"power-flow,":[115],"voltage,":[116],"thermal":[118],"constraints":[119],"guide":[121],"exploration":[122],"ensure":[124],"admissibility.":[125],"On":[126],"modified":[128],"IEEE":[129],"123-bus":[130,190],"feeder,":[131],"the":[132,188],"approach":[133],"outperforms":[134],"rolling":[136,184],"Mixed-Integer":[137],"Nonlinear":[138],"Programming":[139],"(MINLP)":[140],"Multi-Agent":[142],"Reinforcement":[143],"Learning":[144],"(MARL)":[145],"baselines,":[146],"cutting":[147],"total":[148],"cost":[149],"by":[150,153,157,161,166,171],"3.27%,":[151],"losses":[152],"23.69%,":[154],"voltage-violation":[155],"23.44%,":[158],"congestion":[159],"rate":[160],"29.17%,":[162],"load":[164],"shedding":[165],"52.94%,":[167],"while":[168],"reducing":[169],"41.67%":[172],"achieving":[174],"0.05":[175],"s":[176],"per-step":[177],"inference":[178],"(about":[179],"17\u00d7":[180],"faster":[181],"than":[182],"MINLP":[185],"baseline":[186],"on":[187,192],"same":[189],"feeder":[191],"commodity":[193],"hardware);":[194],"up":[196],"20%":[198],"forecast":[199],"errors":[200],"<italic":[202],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[203],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">N</i>\u22121":[204],"contingencies":[205],"it":[206],"degrades":[207],"gently":[208],"recovers":[210],"faster.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-02-10T00:00:00"}
