{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128301280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661415","title":"Transformer-Based Explainable Framework for Human Activity Recognition in IoT-Enabled Smart Homes","display_name":"Transformer-Based Explainable Framework for Human Activity Recognition in IoT-Enabled Smart Homes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128301280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3661415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661415","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114945389","display_name":"Vishalini Vijayananth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9228-8209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vishalini Vijayananth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9228-8209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107536000","display_name":"Thinagaran Perumal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thinagaran Perumal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0698-5413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034763834","display_name":"Erzam Marlisah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3763-0191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erzam Marlisah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5114945389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24589813,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"21055","last_page":"21071"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.5655999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.5655999779701233,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.1467999964952469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.10890000313520432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.7994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-automation","display_name":"Home automation","score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-environment","display_name":"Smart environment","score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ubiquitous-computing","display_name":"Ubiquitous computing","score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambient-intelligence","display_name":"Ambient intelligence","score":0.2903999984264374}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.7994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.42320001125335693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152223200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3055471","display_name":"Smart environment","level":3,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172195944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541265","display_name":"Ubiquitous computing","level":2,"score":0.29089999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201638289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q457396","display_name":"Ambient intelligence","level":2,"score":0.2903999984264374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018552312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315412","display_name":"Assisted living","level":2,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.24799999594688416}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3661415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:123445","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/123445/1/123445.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196260","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","host_organization_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3661415","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3661415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"growing":[1],"integration":[2],"of":[3,6,26,67],"the":[4,114,205,231],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"devices":[9],"in":[10,16,76,103,119,145,213],"smart":[11,36,120],"homes":[12,121],"has":[13,49],"enabled":[14],"applications":[15,28],"comfort,":[17],"energy":[18],"efficiency,":[19],"healthcare,":[20],"and":[21,42,61,87,97,126,143,192,216,220,239],"security.":[22],"A":[23,177],"key":[24,190],"enabler":[25],"these":[27,131],"is":[29,137,186],"Human":[30],"Activity":[31],"Recognition":[32],"(HAR),":[33],"which":[34,188],"enables":[35],"systems":[37,132],"to":[38,59,140,167],"understand":[39],"residents'":[40],"activities":[41],"deliver":[43],"personalised":[44],"services.":[45],"While":[46],"single-resident":[47],"HAR":[48],"been":[50],"well":[51],"studied,":[52],"multi-resident":[53,203],"scenarios":[54],"are":[55],"more":[56],"complex":[57],"due":[58],"collaborative":[60],"parallel":[62,89],"activities,":[63],"requiring":[64],"effective":[65],"modelling":[66],"temporal":[68,85,240],"dependencies.":[69],"Transformer-based":[70],"models":[71],"have":[72],"shown":[73],"promising":[74],"results":[75],"this":[77],"context":[78],"as":[79],"their":[80],"self-attention":[81],"can":[82],"capture":[83],"long-range":[84],"dependencies":[86],"allows":[88],"computation.":[90],"However,":[91],"standard":[92],"attention":[93],"uses":[94],"both":[95,214],"past":[96],"future":[98],"information,":[99],"causing":[100],"information":[101],"leakage":[102],"real-time":[104],"HAR.":[105],"It":[106],"also":[107,138],"treats":[108],"all":[109],"time":[110,125,193],"steps":[111],"equally,":[112],"ignoring":[113],"fact":[115],"that":[116,230],"event":[117],"correlations":[118],"naturally":[122],"decay":[123,166],"over":[124],"require":[127],"locality":[128],"bias.":[129],"Since":[130],"involve":[133],"real":[134],"residents,":[135],"explainability":[136,227],"crucial":[139],"ensure":[141],"trust":[142],"transparency":[144],"activity":[146],"classification.":[147],"This":[148],"paper":[149],"proposes":[150],"a":[151,157],"Powerformer-based":[152],"multi-output":[153],"explainable":[154],"framework":[155],"incorporating":[156],"Weighted":[158],"Causal":[159],"Multi-Head":[160],"Attention":[161],"(WCMHA)":[162],"mechanism":[163],"with":[164],"power-law":[165],"emphasise":[168],"recent":[169],"events":[170],"while":[171,226],"maintaining":[172],"causal":[173],"order,":[174],"improving":[175],"accuracy.":[176],"Multi-Output":[178],"Temporal":[179],"Local":[180],"Interpretable":[181],"Model-agnostic":[182],"Explanations":[183],"(MO-TLIME)":[184],"technique":[185],"proposed,":[187],"identifies":[189],"sensors":[191],"segments":[194],"influencing":[195],"each":[196],"resident's":[197],"activity.":[198],"Evaluated":[199],"on":[200,234],"publicly":[201],"available":[202],"datasets,":[204],"proposed":[206],"model":[207,232],"outperforms":[208],"existing":[209],"deep":[210],"learning":[211],"baselines":[212],"accuracy":[215],"efficiency.":[217],"Statistical":[218],"validation":[219],"ablation":[221],"studies":[222],"confirm":[223],"its":[224],"effectiveness,":[225],"analyses":[228],"demonstrate":[229],"focuses":[233],"contextually":[235],"relevant":[236],"sensor":[237],"data":[238],"segments.":[241]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-13T13:36:01.753593","created_date":"2026-02-09T00:00:00"}