{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127326486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3660577","title":"Spoofer Detection Framework for V2X Systems via Tensor-Based DoA Estimation and YOLO-Based Object Detection","display_name":"Spoofer Detection Framework for V2X Systems via Tensor-Based DoA Estimation and YOLO-Based Object Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127326486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3660577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3660577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3660577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3660577","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124904681","display_name":"Daniel A. Da Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088033","display_name":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdde17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Alves Da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104295836","display_name":"Antonio Santos da Silva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088033","display_name":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdde17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Santos Da Silva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124962785","display_name":"Daniel V. De Lima","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Valle De Lima","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124894574","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo J. Da Costa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088033","display_name":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdde17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Javidi Da Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124960238","display_name":"Luis O. De Melo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088033","display_name":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdde17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis Felipe Oliveira De Melo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124951706","display_name":"Christian Miranda","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Miranda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bras&#x00ED;lia, Bras&#x00ED;lia, Brazil","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080978525","display_name":"Giovanni Almeida Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0189-7361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088033","display_name":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdde17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Almeida Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104000188","display_name":"Alexey Vinel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexey Vinel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029290062","display_name":"Paulo R. de Souza Mendes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7813-3028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082675402","display_name":"Sebastian Verhoeven","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088033","display_name":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdde17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Verhoeven","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124944544","display_name":"Jan-Niklas Voigt-Antons","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088033","display_name":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/001rdde17","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan-Niklas Voigt-Antons","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Hamm, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Edison Pignaton De Freitas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4655-8889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130442723","display_name":"Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul","ror":"https://ror.org/041yk2d64","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edison Pignaton De Freitas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130442723"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124904681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088033"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.28903635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"23624","last_page":"23643"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.01720000058412552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.7006999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6751000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuse","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-detection-and-isolation","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.3855000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7006999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6751000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.535099983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141353440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182221","display_name":"Fuse (electrical)","level":2,"score":0.504800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5011000037193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4124000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.39579999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.3855000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3280999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.32510000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988402297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65558817","display_name":"Data reliability","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3660577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3660577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.5445/ir/1000190741","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3660577","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3660577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9085059762001038}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2218489740","https://openalex.org/W2884951793","https://openalex.org/W2885384245","https://openalex.org/W2935777812","https://openalex.org/W2969551335","https://openalex.org/W2981094074","https://openalex.org/W3032244443","https://openalex.org/W3047322466","https://openalex.org/W3109001153","https://openalex.org/W3134606046","https://openalex.org/W3137841160","https://openalex.org/W3196690723","https://openalex.org/W4212781748","https://openalex.org/W4286374021","https://openalex.org/W4327521559","https://openalex.org/W4376480834","https://openalex.org/W4383503605","https://openalex.org/W4385655792","https://openalex.org/W4398756379"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicles":[1],"(AVs)":[2],"represent":[3],"a":[4],"technology":[5],"with":[6,64,121],"significant":[7],"social":[8],"and":[9,40,60,92,106,133,152,160,178,202],"environmental":[10],"benefits.":[11],"By":[12,137],"reducing":[13,54],"dependence":[14],"on":[15],"the":[16,25,34,88,94,143,166,186],"human":[17],"factor,":[18],"which":[19,83],"is":[20],"responsible":[21],"for":[22,104],"94%":[23],"of":[24,67,90,96,117,188,206],"1.35":[26],"million":[27],"annual":[28],"traffic":[29,52,91],"deaths":[30],"globally,":[31],"AVs":[32],"have":[33],"potential":[35],"to":[36,58,69,77,129,148,192],"increase":[37],"road":[38],"safety":[39,95],"save":[41],"lives.":[42],"Complementary":[43],"technologies,":[44],"such":[45,80,126],"as":[46,81,127],"Vehicle-to-Everything":[47],"(V2X)":[48],"communication,":[49],"further":[50],"enhance":[51],"management,":[53],"congestion":[55],"by":[56],"up":[57,68],"40%":[59],"improving":[61],"energy":[62],"efficiency":[63],"fuel":[65],"savings":[66],"15%.":[70],"However,":[71],"V2X":[72,111],"systems":[73],"are":[74],"particularly":[75],"vulnerable":[76],"cyber":[78],"attacks,":[79],"spoofing,":[82],"injects":[84],"false":[85],"information,":[86],"disrupting":[87],"flow":[89],"compromising":[93],"AVs.":[97],"This":[98],"paper":[99],"proposes":[100],"an":[101],"innovative":[102],"framework":[103,144],"detecting":[105],"mitigating":[107],"spoofing":[108],"attacks":[109],"in":[110,169,200],"communications.":[112],"The":[113,162],"solution":[114],"combines":[115],"Direction":[116],"Arrival":[118],"(DoA)":[119],"estimation":[120],"advanced":[122],"object":[123,180],"detection":[124,195],"algorithms,":[125],"YOLOv8,":[128],"identify":[130],"anomalous":[131],"signals":[132],"locate":[134],"malicious":[135],"transmitters.":[136],"integrating":[138],"Artificial":[139],"Intelligence":[140],"(AI)":[141],"techniques,":[142],"makes":[145],"it":[146],"possible":[147],"accurately":[149],"classify":[150],"attackers":[151],"select":[153],"customized":[154],"countermeasures,":[155],"ensuring":[156],"greater":[157],"network":[158],"reliability":[159],"security.":[161],"simulation":[163],"results":[164],"demonstrate":[165],"framework\u2019s":[167],"effectiveness":[168],"various":[170],"dynamic":[171],"scenarios":[172],"using":[173],"data":[174,190],"from":[175],"antenna":[176],"arrays":[177],"camera-based":[179],"detection.":[181],"In":[182],"addition,":[183],"they":[184],"highlight":[185],"importance":[187],"sensor":[189],"fusion":[191],"improve":[193],"anomaly":[194],"accuracy,":[196],"optimize":[197],"decision-making":[198],"processes":[199],"AVs,":[201],"enable":[203],"robust":[204],"cross-validation":[205],"transmitted":[207],"information.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}
