{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126089908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3659151","title":"EDDNet30: A Spatial Attention and Multi-Scale Fusion Model for Enhanced Eye Disease Classification With Explainable AI","display_name":"EDDNet30: A Spatial Attention and Multi-Scale Fusion Model for Enhanced Eye Disease Classification With Explainable AI","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126089908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3659151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3659151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3659151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3659151","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124184894","display_name":"Md. Asraful Sharker Nirob","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Asraful Sharker Nirob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2911-3890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042781666","display_name":"Showmick Guha Paul","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7673-9977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Showmick Guha Paul","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7673-9977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010201345","display_name":"Arpa Saha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7424-3027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpa Saha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7424-3027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124179845","display_name":"Md. Assaduzzaman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Assaduzzaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7838-0096","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087789749","display_name":"Md Alamgir Kabir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7136-6339"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Alamgir Kabir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7136-6339","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123548480","display_name":"Arif Mahmud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arif Mahmud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1029-0166","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Health Informatics Research Laboratory (HIRL), Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101506175","display_name":"Atiq ur Rehman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atiq Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0248-7919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121963768","display_name":"Amine Bermak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144839","display_name":"Hamad bin Khalifa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03eyq4y97","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amine Bermak","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4984-6093","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5124184894"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16346881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"19453","last_page":"19471"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9434000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9434000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.021199999377131462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11194","display_name":"Ocular Diseases and Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Syndrome","score":0.005200000014156103,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7684000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blindness","display_name":"Blindness","score":0.36410000920295715}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7980999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7967000007629395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7684000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46129998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4542999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780929884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q737460","display_name":"Blindness","level":2,"score":0.36410000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69744172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860822","display_name":"Image fusion","level":3,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.31150001287460327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3028999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3659151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3659151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99a307b858ed4a6895ba7cb9fb28f5b9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/99a307b858ed4a6895ba7cb9fb28f5b9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 19453-19471 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3659151","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3659151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.4659889340400696,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334468","display_name":"Qatar National Library","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv93662"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603583995","https://openalex.org/W1962217919","https://openalex.org/W1971802446","https://openalex.org/W1975780514","https://openalex.org/W1979753373","https://openalex.org/W1989114914","https://openalex.org/W1998337455","https://openalex.org/W1999146990","https://openalex.org/W2014764748","https://openalex.org/W2029051408","https://openalex.org/W2029584153","https://openalex.org/W2032082511","https://openalex.org/W2042147946","https://openalex.org/W2053237192","https://openalex.org/W2063028754","https://openalex.org/W2093216792","https://openalex.org/W2124632989","https://openalex.org/W2337159199","https://openalex.org/W2613759615","https://openalex.org/W2733902253","https://openalex.org/W2898979713","https://openalex.org/W2906424845","https://openalex.org/W2966909379","https://openalex.org/W2985778816","https://openalex.org/W2987761193","https://openalex.org/W2990320714","https://openalex.org/W3032904138","https://openalex.org/W3039083754","https://openalex.org/W3047373111","https://openalex.org/W3072781859","https://openalex.org/W3106715538","https://openalex.org/W3156316671","https://openalex.org/W3166759643","https://openalex.org/W3168535077","https://openalex.org/W3183508794","https://openalex.org/W3188379877","https://openalex.org/W3194233939","https://openalex.org/W3194601515","https://openalex.org/W3198146315","https://openalex.org/W4229457372","https://openalex.org/W4242772500","https://openalex.org/W4280573064","https://openalex.org/W4296340589","https://openalex.org/W4297609121","https://openalex.org/W4313444267","https://openalex.org/W4320920004","https://openalex.org/W4376279601","https://openalex.org/W4385650167","https://openalex.org/W4387122197","https://openalex.org/W4387695158","https://openalex.org/W4389332138","https://openalex.org/W4390729362","https://openalex.org/W4391451793","https://openalex.org/W4394604059","https://openalex.org/W4394605543","https://openalex.org/W4396507800","https://openalex.org/W4400317665","https://openalex.org/W4400381339","https://openalex.org/W4402482208","https://openalex.org/W4403759002","https://openalex.org/W4406052391","https://openalex.org/W4406855514","https://openalex.org/W4407064655","https://openalex.org/W4407066586","https://openalex.org/W4407364766","https://openalex.org/W4408896256","https://openalex.org/W4409101208","https://openalex.org/W4409149805","https://openalex.org/W4411122627"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Eye":[0],"diseases":[1,32,68],"are":[2],"a":[3,56,97,258],"major":[4],"global":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,45,66,100,171],"blindness":[8],"and":[9,18,43,53,82,90,131,179,223,244,248],"vision":[10],"impairment,":[11],"highlighting":[12],"the":[13,30,41,64,94,146,150,162,167,172,193,253],"vital":[14],"need":[15],"for":[16,270],"accurate":[17],"early":[19],"diagnosis":[20],"to":[21,40,51,62,86,144,153,164,197,246],"prevent":[22],"further":[23],"deterioration.":[24],"Despite":[25],"advancements":[26],"in":[27,225,261],"medical":[28],"imaging,":[29],"retinal":[31],"classification":[33,65,187],"using":[34],"fundus":[35,70],"images":[36,102],"remains":[37],"challenging":[38],"due":[39],"complexity":[42],"subtlety":[44],"visual":[46],"features.":[47],"This":[48],"study":[49],"aims":[50],"develop":[52],"validate":[54,93],"EDDNet30,":[55],"novel":[57],"30-layer":[58],"deep":[59],"learning":[60,200],"model,":[61,96],"improve":[63],"eye":[67,226],"from":[69,110],"images.":[71,137],"The":[72,157,202],"model":[73,163,194,230],"incorporates":[74],"advanced":[75],"architectural":[76],"features,":[77],"such":[78,240],"as":[79,241],"spatial":[80,158],"attention":[81,159],"multi-scale":[83,175],"fusion":[84,176],"modules,":[85],"enhance":[87,117],"diagnostic":[88,268],"accuracy":[89,213,222],"robustness.":[91],"To":[92,116,189],"proposed":[95],"diverse":[98],"dataset":[99],"5531":[101],"comprising":[103],"9":[104],"different":[105,183],"disease":[106,227,264],"categories":[107],"is":[108],"collected":[109],"various":[111,198,236],"sources":[112],"has":[113],"been":[114],"utilized.":[115],"image":[118,139],"quality,":[119],"several":[120],"pre-processing":[121],"approaches":[122],"were":[123],"applied,":[124],"including":[125],"histogram":[126],"equalization,":[127],"color":[128],"space":[129],"conversion":[130],"contrast":[132],"adjustment,":[133],"ensuring":[134],"high-resolution":[135],"final":[136],"Furthermore,":[138,229],"data":[140],"augmentation":[141],"was":[142,195,232],"employed":[143],"increase":[145],"dataset\u2019s":[147],"count,":[148],"enhancing":[149],"model\u2019s":[151],"ability":[152],"generalize":[154],"during":[155],"training.":[156],"module":[160],"helps":[161],"concentrate":[165],"on":[166,215],"most":[168],"relevant":[169],"regions":[170],"images,":[173],"while":[174],"modules":[177],"capture":[178],"integrate":[180],"details":[181],"at":[182],"scales,":[184],"significantly":[185],"improving":[186],"performance.":[188],"evaluate":[190],"its":[191],"effectiveness,":[192],"compared":[196],"transfer":[199],"models.":[201],"results":[203],"show":[204],"that":[205],"EDDNet30":[206,256],"consistently":[207],"outperforms":[208],"transfer-learning":[209],"models":[210],"with":[211],"95.29%":[212],"tested":[214],"10%":[216],"split":[217],"test":[218],"data,":[219],"demonstrating":[220],"superior":[221],"robustness":[224],"classification.":[228],"interpretability":[231],"enhanced":[233],"by":[234],"employing":[235],"explainable":[237],"AI":[238],"methods,":[239],"Grad-CAM,":[242],"Grad-CAM++":[243],"LIME":[245],"identify":[247],"emphasize":[249],"key":[250],"features":[251],"influencing":[252],"decision-making":[254],"process.":[255],"represents":[257],"promising":[259],"advancement":[260],"automated":[262],"ocular":[263],"detection,":[265],"offering":[266],"improved":[267],"reliability":[269],"clinical":[271],"use.":[272]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-12T06:13:03.167441","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}