{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125952979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3658712","title":"Time-Based Technical Requirements for Fast Frequency Response Robust Across Inertia Levels","display_name":"Time-Based Technical Requirements for Fast Frequency Response Robust Across Inertia Levels","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125952979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3658712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3658712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3658712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3658712","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004246044","display_name":"Bum Ki Baek","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bum Baek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7290-3653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000333930","display_name":"Hunyoung Shin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0200-4008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94588446","display_name":"Hongik University","ror":"https://ror.org/00egdv862","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunyoung Shin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0200-4008","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94588446"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":14.0993,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98188088,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"16010","last_page":"16021"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.5033000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.5033000111579895,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10740","display_name":"Wind Turbine Control Systems","score":0.21240000426769257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11444","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression","score":0.07259999960660934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertia","display_name":"Inertia","score":0.771399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-response","display_name":"Frequency response","score":0.6516000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.5105000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.43380001187324524}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110407247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122508","display_name":"Inertia","level":2,"score":0.771399974822998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8590192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054694","display_name":"Frequency response","level":2,"score":0.6516000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.5105000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47940000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.47530001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4551999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.43380001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131782439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455581","display_name":"Frequency compensation","level":4,"score":0.427700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.36570000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.32760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142433447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806653","display_name":"Time\u2013frequency analysis","level":3,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.3043999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97118885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q565636","display_name":"Frequency analysis","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104892082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156810","display_name":"Low frequency","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3658712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3658712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d8a3fd1766c4477cadd01d9f1302ae45","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d8a3fd1766c4477cadd01d9f1302ae45","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 16010-16021 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3658712","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3658712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3049953443","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R23XO05-09","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326258","funder_display_name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326258","display_name":"Korea Electric Power Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/04fperw70"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2059917902","https://openalex.org/W2065062169","https://openalex.org/W2105653794","https://openalex.org/W2154029134","https://openalex.org/W2183721398","https://openalex.org/W2560162973","https://openalex.org/W2590720639","https://openalex.org/W2801127751","https://openalex.org/W2885507273","https://openalex.org/W2888916820","https://openalex.org/W2891217433","https://openalex.org/W2951207978","https://openalex.org/W2969774053","https://openalex.org/W2979438566","https://openalex.org/W3090425140","https://openalex.org/W3112305545","https://openalex.org/W4226210248","https://openalex.org/W4283739813","https://openalex.org/W4291920465","https://openalex.org/W4381252714","https://openalex.org/W4384346527","https://openalex.org/W4404580460"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"system":[1],"inertia":[2,64,85],"declines":[3],"due":[4],"to":[5,100,129],"the":[6,48,76],"increasing":[7],"penetration":[8],"of":[9,142],"inverter-based":[10,143],"resources,":[11],"low-inertia":[12,137],"systems":[13,138],"face":[14],"growing":[15],"challenges":[16],"in":[17,135],"maintaining":[18],"frequency":[19,33,57,71,109,133],"stability.":[20],"To":[21],"address":[22],"this":[23,25],"issue,":[24],"paper":[26],"proposes":[27],"time-based":[28,77,118],"technical":[29],"requirements":[30,119],"for":[31,126],"fast":[32],"response":[34,72],"(FFR)":[35],"that":[36,75,117],"explicitly":[37],"incorporate":[38],"resource-specific":[39],"delays":[40],"and":[41,55,62,111,123],"activation":[42],"times.":[43],"Unlike":[44],"conventional":[45,88],"frequency-based":[46],"approaches,":[47],"proposed":[49],"framework":[50],"ensures":[51],"consistent":[52],"energy":[53],"delivery":[54],"predictable":[56],"support":[58],"across":[59],"heterogeneous":[60],"resources":[61],"varying":[63],"conditions.":[65],"Simulation":[66],"studies":[67],"on":[68],"a":[69,94,121],"multi-machine":[70],"model":[73],"demonstrate":[74],"approach":[78],"achieves":[79],"robust":[80],"nadir":[81],"performance":[82],"under":[83],"diverse":[84],"levels,":[86],"while":[87],"methods":[89],"exhibit":[90],"significant":[91],"variability.":[92],"Furthermore,":[93],"delay":[95],"compensation":[96],"scheme":[97],"is":[98],"introduced":[99],"enhance":[101],"reliability":[102],"by":[103],"mitigating":[104],"interactions":[105],"between":[106],"FFR,":[107],"primary":[108],"response,":[110],"load":[112],"damping.":[113],"The":[114],"results":[115],"highlight":[116],"provide":[120],"practical":[122],"effective":[124],"foundation":[125],"enabling":[127],"FFR":[128],"secure":[130],"more":[131],"reliable":[132],"stability":[134],"future":[136],"with":[139],"high":[140],"shares":[141],"generation.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-02-08T09:19:03.324500","created_date":"2026-01-29T00:00:00"}
