{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125627696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3657052","title":"A Robust Forward Collision Warning System Using Single Camera","display_name":"A Robust Forward Collision Warning System Using Single Camera","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125627696","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3657052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3657052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3657052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3657052","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123795995","display_name":"Noman Nosher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088317","display_name":"TETEC Tissue Engineering Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/007vd5q36","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088317"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noman Nosher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aviacell Technologies GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4625-0375","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aviacell Technologies GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071725507","display_name":"Hassam Muazzam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088317","display_name":"TETEC Tissue Engineering Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/007vd5q36","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088317"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassam Muazzam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aviacell Technologies GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aviacell Technologies GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123797643","display_name":"Moeed E. Khawaja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088317","display_name":"TETEC Tissue Engineering Technologies (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/007vd5q36","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088317"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moeed E. Khawaja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aviacell Technologies GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aviacell Technologies GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071055143","display_name":"Abdul Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7645-2550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I220619192","display_name":"Valeo (France)","ror":"https://ror.org/04ryqpf83","country_code":"FR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Unit, Valeo, Paris, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Motor Vehicle Manufacturing Unit, Valeo, Paris, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I220619192"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123784473","display_name":"Arslan Amjad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207789805","display_name":"Lahore University of Management Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05b5x4a35","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arslan Amjad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207789805"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123795995"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088317"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13808648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"18285","last_page":"18297"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.164900004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.164900004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.08789999783039093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12597","display_name":"Fire Detection and Safety Systems","score":0.04670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7059000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-camera","display_name":"Single camera","score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-driver-assistance-systems","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.4074999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.748199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7059000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5604000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.5239999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5224000215530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018868555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2918907","display_name":"Single camera","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.4758000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.46869999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87833898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1060280","display_name":"Advanced driver assistance systems","level":2,"score":0.447299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780387288","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13693","display_name":"Windshield","level":2,"score":0.3725999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151043444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28253","display_name":"Lane departure warning system","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019835501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1310130","display_name":"Single shot","level":2,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992734406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413267","display_name":"One shot","level":2,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127757376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2056514","display_name":"Active safety","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5339829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425977","display_name":"Machine vision","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001988","display_name":"Collision avoidance system","level":4,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2614000141620636}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3657052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3657052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:27581b75d64040e38caefc9cf3c9105e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/27581b75d64040e38caefc9cf3c9105e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 18285-18297 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3657052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3657052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6527663469314575,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W2125614629","https://openalex.org/W2603203130","https://openalex.org/W2804244281","https://openalex.org/W2894030891","https://openalex.org/W2935568451","https://openalex.org/W2943504893","https://openalex.org/W2944575467","https://openalex.org/W2947970660","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W2990578762","https://openalex.org/W2990630724","https://openalex.org/W3047817531","https://openalex.org/W3091936287","https://openalex.org/W3099577928","https://openalex.org/W3131684706","https://openalex.org/W3139402127","https://openalex.org/W3164282918","https://openalex.org/W3180199092","https://openalex.org/W3191513934","https://openalex.org/W4205619187","https://openalex.org/W4220832258","https://openalex.org/W4285113600","https://openalex.org/W4291819654","https://openalex.org/W4313420569","https://openalex.org/W4313592154","https://openalex.org/W4366306863","https://openalex.org/W4375928283","https://openalex.org/W4389666632","https://openalex.org/W4390140985","https://openalex.org/W4400811510"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,112,147,175],"growing":[1],"incidence":[2],"of":[3,14,42,117,123,164,167],"forward":[4],"collisions":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,137],"driver":[8],"inattention":[9],"highlights":[10],"the":[11,75,127,158,165,168,179],"critical":[12],"importance":[13],"Advanced":[15],"Driver":[16],"Assistance":[17],"Systems":[18],"(ADAS)":[19],"in":[20,101],"enhancing":[21],"vehicle":[22,62,82,140,170],"safety":[23],"through":[24],"a":[25,40,58],"robust":[26],"Forward":[27],"Collision":[28],"Warning":[29],"System":[30],"(FCWS).":[31],"Conventional":[32],"techniques":[33],"often":[34],"rely":[35],"on":[36,126],"dual":[37],"cameras":[38],"or":[39],"combination":[41],"LiDAR,":[43],"radar,":[44],"and":[45,51,65,98,109,187,195],"camera":[46,60,145],"systems,":[47],"increasing":[48],"hardware":[49],"cost":[50],"complexity.":[52],"In":[53],"contrast,":[54],"this":[55],"design":[56],"uses":[57],"single":[59],"for":[61,152,171,197],"detection,":[63],"tracking,":[64],"Time-to-Collision":[66],"(TTC)":[67],"calculation.":[68],"A":[69],"detailed":[70],"comparative":[71],"analysis":[72],"revealed":[73],"that":[74,178],"custom-trained":[76],"You":[77],"Only":[78],"Look":[79],"Once":[80],"(YOLO)":[81],"model":[83,113],"optimized":[84],"with":[85,119],"TensorRT":[86],"outperformed":[87],"MobileNet":[88],"Single":[89],"Shot":[90],"Multibox":[91],"Detector":[92],"(SSD),":[93],"Region-based":[94],"CNNs":[95],"(R-CNN),":[96],"ResNet-50,":[97],"ResNet-101,":[99],"excelling":[100],"inference":[102,121],"time,":[103],"mean":[104],"Average":[105],"Precision":[106],"(mAP),":[107],"resolution,":[108],"initiation":[110],"time.":[111],"achieved":[114],"an":[115,120],"mAP":[116],"65.8%":[118],"time":[122],"22":[124],"ms":[125],"Berkeley":[128],"DeepDrive":[129],"(BDD":[130],"100K)":[131],"dataset.":[132],"Centroid-based":[133],"tracking":[134],"is":[135,155],"employed":[136],"monitor":[138],"detected":[139],"centroids":[141],"across":[142],"consecutive":[143],"real-time":[144],"frames.":[146],"vehicle’s":[148],"absolute":[149],"speed,":[150],"required":[151],"TTC":[153],"calculation,":[154],"obtained":[156],"via":[157],"OBD-II":[159],"interface,":[160],"enabling":[161],"precise":[162],"determination":[163],"speed":[166],"camera-equipped":[169],"accurate":[172],"collision":[173],"warnings.":[174],"results":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"low-cost":[180],"single-camera":[181],"system,":[182],"enhanced":[183],"by":[184],"advanced":[185],"optimizations":[186],"NVIDIA":[188],"Jetson":[189],"TX2":[190],"hardware,":[191],"provides":[192],"both":[193],"robustness":[194],"reliability":[196],"FCWS":[198],"applications.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2026-01-26T00:00:00"}