{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125498254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3656732","title":"Toward Early Alzheimer\u2019s Diagnosis: A Fusion of Cognitive and Genetic Data via Ensemble Learning","display_name":"Toward Early Alzheimer\u2019s Diagnosis: A Fusion of Cognitive and Genetic Data via Ensemble Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125498254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3656732"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3656732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3656732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3656732","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123644106","display_name":"Areeba Tanveer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Areeba Tanveer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123671437","display_name":"Hunaina Ehsan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hunaina Ehsan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123684704","display_name":"Zainab Kashif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab Kashif","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122879757","display_name":"Shah Khalid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shah Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042563359","display_name":"Muhammad Bilal Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8797-8519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Syed Muhammad Bilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035133891","display_name":"Nazia Perwaiz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0614-3788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I929597975","display_name":"National University of Sciences and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03w2j5y17","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nazia Perwaiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065099281","display_name":"Saied Alshahrani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saied Alshahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5123644106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I929597975"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33638547,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"18491","last_page":"18508"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.26840001344680786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.26840001344680786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.1404999941587448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.03579999879002571,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6406000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.629800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"Dementia","score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-decline","display_name":"Cognitive decline","score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.33059999346733093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6406000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6344000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.629800021648407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6252999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5619000196456909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.461899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.42480000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3472000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.33059999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.29510000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993807623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7020","display_name":"Genetic data","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.259799987077713}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3656732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3656732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a941db631ccc42a29ef82c9fd884a1be","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a941db631ccc42a29ef82c9fd884a1be","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 18491-18508 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3656732","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3656732","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1847168837","https://openalex.org/W1910549955","https://openalex.org/W1970716726","https://openalex.org/W1984737558","https://openalex.org/W1991952617","https://openalex.org/W2006859685","https://openalex.org/W2010695389","https://openalex.org/W2075819229","https://openalex.org/W2108474398","https://openalex.org/W2120935835","https://openalex.org/W2122328291","https://openalex.org/W2129678592","https://openalex.org/W2151989011","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2340074715","https://openalex.org/W2342502232","https://openalex.org/W2683833049","https://openalex.org/W2806489700","https://openalex.org/W2914209001","https://openalex.org/W3013879439","https://openalex.org/W3048501039","https://openalex.org/W3114842186","https://openalex.org/W3123893801","https://openalex.org/W3135225782","https://openalex.org/W3136145688","https://openalex.org/W3136660788","https://openalex.org/W3164125181","https://openalex.org/W3167299518","https://openalex.org/W3172888087","https://openalex.org/W3174086521","https://openalex.org/W3189601601","https://openalex.org/W4225681755","https://openalex.org/W4282958942","https://openalex.org/W4294811288","https://openalex.org/W4306392771","https://openalex.org/W4306404621","https://openalex.org/W4321596698","https://openalex.org/W4363678967","https://openalex.org/W4376225182","https://openalex.org/W4377019940","https://openalex.org/W4385252239","https://openalex.org/W4386075916","https://openalex.org/W4387428550","https://openalex.org/W4388967421","https://openalex.org/W4389287155","https://openalex.org/W4391350227","https://openalex.org/W4392599034","https://openalex.org/W4395470711","https://openalex.org/W4402564832","https://openalex.org/W4403562985","https://openalex.org/W4404073393","https://openalex.org/W4404844480","https://openalex.org/W4405901669","https://openalex.org/W4407984089","https://openalex.org/W4410693256"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Early":[0],"detection":[1,189],"of":[2,130,146,150,155,163],"Alzheimer&#x2019;s":[3,136],"disease":[4],"(AD)":[5],"remains":[6],"a":[7,110,113,117,122,128,148,153,183],"critical":[8],"challenge":[9],"in":[10,173],"neurology,":[11],"with":[12,190],"significant":[13],"implications":[14],"for":[15,57,186],"patient":[16,107,118],"care":[17],"and":[18,28,37,75,106,121,152,179],"therapeutic":[19],"efficacy.":[20],"Although":[21],"gold-standard":[22],"diagnostic":[23,69,168],"techniques,":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26],"neuroimaging":[27],"cerebrospinal":[29],"fluid":[30],"biomarkers,":[31],"offer":[32],"high":[33],"accuracy,":[34],"their":[35,41],"invasiveness":[36],"resource":[38],"intensity":[39],"limit":[40],"routine":[42],"clinical":[43,196],"application.":[44],"Current":[45],"non-invasive":[46,180],"methods":[47],"are":[48],"more":[49],"accessible":[50,178],"but":[51],"often":[52],"lack":[53],"sufficient":[54],"predictive":[55],"power":[56],"reliable":[58],"early-stage":[59],"diagnosis.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"this":[63],"gap,":[64],"we":[65],"propose":[66],"an":[67,80,144],"integrative":[68],"framework":[70],"that":[71],"combines":[72],"cognitive":[73],"assessments":[74],"genetic":[76,164],"risk":[77,175],"profiling":[78],"using":[79],"ensemble":[81,142],"machine":[82],"learning":[83],"approach.":[84],"Our":[85],"method":[86],"fuses":[87],"Mini-Mental":[88],"State":[89],"Examination":[90],"(MMSE)":[91],"scores,":[92],"Clinical":[93],"Dementia":[94],"Rating":[95],"(CDR)":[96],"metrics,":[97],"APOE":[98],"<inline-formula>":[99],"<tex-math":[100],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\varepsilon":[101],"4$":[102],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[103],"genotype":[104],"information,":[105],"age":[108],"within":[109],"three-model":[111],"ensemble:":[112],"temporal":[114],"progression":[115],"tracker,":[116],"similarity":[119],"mapper,":[120],"structured":[123],"data":[124,165],"interpreter.":[125],"Evaluated":[126],"on":[127],"dataset":[129],"over":[131],"2,500":[132],"participants":[133],"from":[134],"the":[135,141,191],"Disease":[137],"Neuroimaging":[138],"Initiative":[139],"(ADNI),":[140],"achieved":[143],"accuracy":[145],"0.897,":[147,151],"sensitivity":[149],"specificity":[154],"0.948,":[156],"substantially":[157],"outperforming":[158],"conventional":[159],"models.":[160],"The":[161],"inclusion":[162],"notably":[166],"enhanced":[167],"precision,":[169],"affirming":[170],"its":[171],"value":[172],"early":[174,187],"stratification.":[176],"This":[177],"solution":[181],"offers":[182],"scalable":[184],"tool":[185],"AD":[188],"potential":[192],"to":[193],"significantly":[194],"improve":[195],"outcomes":[197],"through":[198],"earlier":[199],"intervention.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-28T09:26:25.869077","created_date":"2026-01-24T00:00:00"}
