{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124935787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3655430","title":"Deep Fusion of Clear-Sky Physics and a Multimodal Transformer for Solar Irradiance Forecasting","display_name":"Deep Fusion of Clear-Sky Physics and a Multimodal Transformer for Solar Irradiance Forecasting","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124935787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3655430"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3655430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3655430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3655430","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123374904","display_name":"Nachuan Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nachuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8168-9341","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123426412","display_name":"Yan Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2594-9368","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123406028","display_name":"Kang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066186642","display_name":"Zhaoye Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohua Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7801-5524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jia Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5321-7590"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5321-7590","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123448527","display_name":"Xiaofei Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaofei Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Company Ltd., Suzhou Power Supply Company, Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123411572","display_name":"Yuxuan Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118099","display_name":"China Design Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mnaa826","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0254-5693","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123407022","display_name":"Zhenghao Zhong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118099","display_name":"China Design Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mnaa826","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghao Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1409-1238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123420046","display_name":"Wenxuan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118099","display_name":"China Design Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mnaa826","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3927-4864","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123400240","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118099","display_name":"China Design Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/02mnaa826","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8096-7127","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Dancheng Information Technology Company Ltd., Jiangsu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07777052,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"10424","last_page":"10435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10251","display_name":"Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-irradiance","display_name":"Solar irradiance","score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irradiance","display_name":"Irradiance","score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiative-transfer","display_name":"Radiative transfer","score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.3472999930381775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6222000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9695528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7556707","display_name":"Solar irradiance","level":2,"score":0.6176000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5770999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46423501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830654","display_name":"Irradiance","level":2,"score":0.5162000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3750999867916107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74902906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1190858","display_name":"Radiative transfer","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3472999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206145494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4654236","display_name":"ASHRAE 90.1","level":2,"score":0.33739998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3285999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3052000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777618391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483757","display_name":"Solar power","level":3,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776481522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218","display_name":"Orbiter","level":2,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71139939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910194","display_name":"Modal","level":2,"score":0.27799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.27250000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101382669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616769","display_name":"Ferroresonance in electricity networks","level":4,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167740415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2876213","display_name":"Aerospace","level":2,"score":0.2563000023365021}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3655430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3655430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3655430","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3655430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5196956098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"J2024075","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335967","display_name":"Science and Technology Project of State Grid","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970463904","https://openalex.org/W2127395335","https://openalex.org/W2611157824","https://openalex.org/W2611287116","https://openalex.org/W2790397535","https://openalex.org/W2792326773","https://openalex.org/W2980189150","https://openalex.org/W3009861450","https://openalex.org/W3041120681","https://openalex.org/W3097850930","https://openalex.org/W3111518852","https://openalex.org/W3118977708","https://openalex.org/W3164038761","https://openalex.org/W3191161296","https://openalex.org/W4220764003","https://openalex.org/W4224115181","https://openalex.org/W4307886202","https://openalex.org/W4318778513","https://openalex.org/W4320521738","https://openalex.org/W4390093451","https://openalex.org/W4392973650","https://openalex.org/W4396982216","https://openalex.org/W4403599952","https://openalex.org/W4406387816","https://openalex.org/W4408953978","https://openalex.org/W4411315449","https://openalex.org/W4414314566"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"ultra-short-term":[1,159],"prediction":[2,25,162,166],"of":[3,16],"solar":[4,160],"irradiance":[5,102,161],"is":[6],"crucial":[7],"for":[8],"ensuring":[9],"the":[10,72,155],"stable":[11],"operation":[12],"and":[13,100,108,115,131,141,168,172],"dispatch":[14],"optimization":[15],"photovoltaic":[17],"(PV)":[18],"power":[19],"generation":[20],"systems.":[21],"Existing":[22],"deep":[23,60],"learning-based":[24],"methods":[26,85],"primarily":[27],"rely":[28],"on":[29],"pure":[30],"data-driven":[31],"approaches,":[32],"which":[33],"often":[34],"suffer":[35],"from":[36,49],"insufficient":[37],"physical":[38,51,56,65,89,116,147],"consistency":[39],"under":[40,174],"complex":[41],"meteorological":[42,97],"conditions,":[43],"leading":[44],"to":[45,58,104,136],"predictions":[46,62],"that":[47,154],"deviate":[48],"radiative":[50],"principles.":[52],"Some":[53],"studies":[54],"employ":[55],"models":[57,103],"correct":[59],"learning":[61],"post-hoc,":[63],"yet":[64],"laws":[66,148],"are":[67],"not":[68],"deeply":[69],"embedded":[70],"during":[71,149],"inference":[73],"process.":[74],"To":[75],"address":[76],"this":[77,79],"issue,":[78],"paper":[80],"proposes":[81],"a":[82,127,132],"multimodal":[83],"Transformer":[84,124],"framework":[86],"incorporating":[87],"clear-sky":[88,101],"constraints.":[90],"It":[91],"integrates":[92],"ground-based":[93],"cloud":[94],"image":[95],"sequences,":[96],"observation":[98],"elements,":[99],"achieve":[105,137],"joint":[106],"modeling":[107],"cross-modal":[109,128],"information":[110],"interaction":[111],"among":[112],"image,":[113],"meteorological,":[114],"modalities.":[117],"The":[118],"model":[119,156],"backbone":[120],"employs":[121],"an":[122],"improved":[123],"architecture,":[125],"introducing":[126],"attention":[129],"mechanism":[130],"gated":[133],"fusion":[134],"module":[135],"multi-level":[138],"feature":[139],"refinement":[140],"modal":[142],"adaptive":[143],"fusion,":[144],"thereby":[145],"embedding":[146],"inference.":[150],"Experimental":[151],"results":[152],"demonstrate":[153],"excels":[157],"in":[158],"tasks,":[163],"significantly":[164],"reducing":[165],"errors":[167],"maintaining":[169],"high":[170],"robustness":[171],"accuracy":[173],"rapidly":[175],"changing":[176],"weather":[177],"conditions.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-25T23:04:38.658462","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}
