{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124464248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654425","title":"Human Gesture Classification Through Keypoint-Integrated Deep Learning on Millimeter-Wave Radar","display_name":"Human Gesture Classification Through Keypoint-Integrated Deep Learning on Millimeter-Wave Radar","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124464248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654425"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3654425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654425","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017038926","display_name":"Raied Caromi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8273-0642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raied Caromi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8273-0642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123217601","display_name":"Samuel Berweger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Berweger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electromagnetic Fields Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4073-5322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electromagnetic Fields Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061393041","display_name":"Anuraag Bodi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anuraag Bodi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066696754","display_name":"Jelena Senic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-5860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelena Senic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3081-5860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123195526","display_name":"Neeraj Varshney","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Varshney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-2103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112728830","display_name":"Jack Chuang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack Chuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-4222","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123243223","display_name":"Camillo Gentile","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321296531","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531","https://openalex.org/I1343035065"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Camillo Gentile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0660-8215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Radio Access and Propagation Metrology Group, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017038926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321296531"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08501542,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"9394","last_page":"9407"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.8097000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.8097000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.03849999979138374,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.03189999982714653,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6621000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salient","display_name":"Salient","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture","display_name":"Gesture","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gesture-recognition","display_name":"Gesture recognition","score":0.37380000948905945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6793000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6621000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6547999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780719617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1030752","display_name":"Salient","level":2,"score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4113999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207347870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371174","display_name":"Gesture","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159437735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519524","display_name":"Gesture recognition","level":3,"score":0.37380000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984296375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar systems","level":3,"score":0.3612000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3368000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134406370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832005","display_name":"Radar engineering details","level":4,"score":0.33219999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.328000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779726219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7685884","display_name":"Target acquisition","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.27219998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3654425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3654425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2010882865","https://openalex.org/W2046033161","https://openalex.org/W2046128267","https://openalex.org/W2065726711","https://openalex.org/W2531174837","https://openalex.org/W2770121394","https://openalex.org/W2789648429","https://openalex.org/W2797184202","https://openalex.org/W2799062425","https://openalex.org/W2827033964","https://openalex.org/W2900599858","https://openalex.org/W2906551905","https://openalex.org/W2916798096","https://openalex.org/W2938652275","https://openalex.org/W2950821050","https://openalex.org/W2968303571","https://openalex.org/W2979856235","https://openalex.org/W2990165697","https://openalex.org/W3038746477","https://openalex.org/W3153762659","https://openalex.org/W3160832574","https://openalex.org/W3163381357","https://openalex.org/W3175987492","https://openalex.org/W3177118333","https://openalex.org/W3192376676","https://openalex.org/W3197089712","https://openalex.org/W3212616108","https://openalex.org/W4206328226","https://openalex.org/W4210607509","https://openalex.org/W4281840338","https://openalex.org/W4285410860","https://openalex.org/W4292264160","https://openalex.org/W4293095188","https://openalex.org/W4312223147","https://openalex.org/W4312867576","https://openalex.org/W4391341370","https://openalex.org/W4395662192","https://openalex.org/W4396535307","https://openalex.org/W4396829806"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,172],"capability":[1],"to":[2,36,75,88,101,113,133,148,212,231],"sense":[3],"and":[4,22,27,85,103,168,184,226],"classify":[5],"targets":[6],"through":[7,63],"radar":[8,69,153,166],"instead":[9],"of":[10,16,32,59,83,90,92,119,129,160,177,179,181,222],"optical":[11],"sensors":[12],"offers":[13],"the":[14,30,57,117,134,161,165,169,216,229],"advantage":[15],"non-line-of-sight":[17],"operation,":[18],"low":[19],"battery":[20],"consumption,":[21],"privacy,":[23],"placing":[24],"integrated":[25],"sensing":[26],"communications":[28],"at":[29,209],"core":[31],"6G":[33],"networks.":[34],"Thanks":[35],"their":[37],"fine":[38],"spatial":[39],"resolution,":[40],"commercial":[41],"millimeter-wave":[42],"radios":[43],"have":[44],"already":[45],"been":[46],"repurposed":[47],"for":[48,54],"target":[49],"classification":[50,78,170,197],"\u2013":[51,62,126,155],"in":[52],"particular":[53],"human":[55],"gesturing,":[56],"topic":[58],"this":[60],"paper":[61],"deep":[64],"learning":[65],"trained":[66],"directly":[67],"on":[68],"data":[70],"as":[71,145,156],"input.":[72],"While":[73],"promising,":[74],"achieve":[76,195],"robust":[77],"across":[79,236,245],"a":[80,127,140,242,246],"wide":[81],"variety":[82],"humans":[84,183],"scenes,":[86,185],"thousands":[87,91],"tens":[89],"training":[93,162],"exemplars":[94,180],"are":[95,99,187,228],"needed.":[96],"Such":[97],"databases":[98,106,176],"unavailable":[100],"date,":[102],"developing":[104],"application-specific":[105],"may":[107],"require":[108],"prohibitive":[109],"durations,":[110],"from":[111,139],"months":[112],"years.":[114],"To":[115],"alleviate":[116],"burden":[118],"training,":[120],"we":[121,193,206,227],"integrate":[122],"<italic":[123],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[124],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">keypoints</i>":[125],"set":[128],"3D":[130],"points":[131],"tagged":[132],"salient":[135],"body":[136],"parts,":[137],"generated":[138],"camera":[141],"/":[142],"lidar":[143],"system":[144,154],"an":[146,157],"add-on":[147],"our":[149],"in-house":[150],"28":[151],"GHz":[152],"intermediate":[158],"step":[159],"process,":[163],"between":[164],"input":[167],"output.":[171],"keypoints":[173],"exploit":[174],"rich":[175],"millions":[178],"different":[182],"that":[186],"publicly":[188],"available.":[189],"By":[190],"integrating":[191],"keypoints,":[192],"can":[194,207],"90%":[196],"accuracy":[198],"with":[199],"fewer":[200],"than":[201,240],"100":[202],"exemplars.":[203],"In":[204],"addition,":[205],"operate":[208],"distances":[210],"up":[211],"2.5":[213],"m":[214],"versus":[215],"near-field":[217],"operation":[218],"(within":[219],"50":[220],"cm)":[221],"most":[223],"other":[224],"systems":[225],"first":[230],"consider":[232],"16":[233],"gesture":[234],"classes":[235,244],"both":[237],"forearms":[238],"rather":[239],"just":[241],"few":[243],"single":[247],"forearm.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-24T23:23:39.755997","created_date":"2026-01-17T00:00:00"}