{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124144110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654267","title":"HHCS: A Dataset of Cipher Symbol Annotations From Handwritten Historical Encrypted Documents for Machine Learning Tasks","display_name":"HHCS: A Dataset of Cipher Symbol Annotations From Handwritten Historical Encrypted Documents for Machine Learning Tasks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124144110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654267"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3654267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654267","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047735692","display_name":"Eugen Antal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9685-6051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110757952","display_name":"Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava","ror":"https://ror.org/0561ghm58","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Eugen Antal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039955194","display_name":"Pavol Mar\u00e1k","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0737-473X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110757952","display_name":"Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava","ror":"https://ror.org/0561ghm58","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pavol Mar\u00e1k","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021868069","display_name":"F Mikus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110757952","display_name":"Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava","ror":"https://ror.org/0561ghm58","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Filip Miku\u0161","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science and Mathematics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047735692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11059991,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"9226","last_page":"9240"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9077000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9077000021934509,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.011599999852478504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6883999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5490999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cipher","display_name":"Cipher","score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ciphertext","display_name":"Ciphertext","score":0.4178999960422516}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8553000092506409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6883999705314636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6388999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5490999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4871000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780221543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4681865","display_name":"Cipher","level":3,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93974786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1589480","display_name":"Ciphertext","level":3,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.38499999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3490999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.33309999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134400042","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2372244","display_name":"Symbol (formal)","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152565575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1124538","display_name":"Conditional random field","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778371909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771738","display_name":"Historical document","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179926584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207714","display_name":"Transcription (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3654267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3654267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3654267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2024986448","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2100659887","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2118384078","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2734358244","https://openalex.org/W2935024963","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W3027724830","https://openalex.org/W3089744506","https://openalex.org/W3162297512","https://openalex.org/W3163599761","https://openalex.org/W3190761286","https://openalex.org/W4246735206","https://openalex.org/W4281710684","https://openalex.org/W4281968684","https://openalex.org/W4307411363","https://openalex.org/W4308484765","https://openalex.org/W4320909960","https://openalex.org/W4381280011","https://openalex.org/W4385472045","https://openalex.org/W4386076325","https://openalex.org/W4402716047","https://openalex.org/W4402754006","https://openalex.org/W4402952428","https://openalex.org/W4410005341"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"historical":[1,17,31,67,82,186],"documents,":[2,188],"including":[3],"military":[4],"and":[5,53,81,118,135,157,165,172,192],"diplomatic":[6],"correspondence,":[7],"were":[8,160],"encrypted":[9,47,79,187,195],"to":[10,50,107,131],"protect":[11],"sensitive":[12],"information.":[13],"The":[14,103,126],"study":[15],"of":[16,64,91,120,151,170,194],"cryptology":[18],"remains":[19],"an":[20,181],"important":[21],"research":[22,59,133],"area,":[23],"as":[24],"deciphering":[25],"these":[26],"sources":[27],"can":[28,136],"reveal":[29],"new":[30],"insights.":[32],"Despite":[33],"progress":[34],"in":[35,112,122,139,153,168],"automated":[36,62,182],"handwritten":[37,68],"document":[38],"processing,":[39],"only":[40],"a":[41,76,89,149],"few":[42],"projects":[43],"have":[44],"focused":[45],"on":[46,78,162,176],"manuscripts":[48],"due":[49],"their":[51],"scarcity":[52],"the":[54,61,71,96,116,123,132],"specialized":[55],"expertise":[56],"required.":[57],"This":[58],"addresses":[60],"processing":[63,185],"Central":[65],"European":[66],"documents":[69],"from":[70,197],"early":[72],"modern":[73],"period,":[74],"with":[75],"focus":[77],"materials":[80],"cryptology.":[83],"In":[84],"this":[85,113,163,177],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,179],"introduce":[88],"dataset":[90,104,127,164],"annotated":[92],"cipher":[93],"symbols":[94],"\u2014":[95],"Historical":[97],"Handwritten":[98],"Cipher":[99],"Symbol":[100],"(HHCS)":[101],"dataset.":[102],"is":[105,128],"intended":[106],"support":[108],"machine":[109],"learning":[110],"tasks":[111],"domain,":[114],"particularly":[115],"detection":[117,156,173],"segmentation":[119,158],"objects":[121],"studied":[124],"documents.":[125],"publicly":[129],"available":[130],"community":[134],"be":[137],"downloaded":[138],"several":[140],"widely":[141],"used":[142],"formats.":[143],"Its":[144],"suitability":[145],"was":[146],"verified":[147],"through":[148],"series":[150],"experiments,":[152],"which":[154],"state-of-the-art":[155],"models":[159],"trained":[161],"subsequently":[166],"evaluated":[167],"terms":[169],"classification":[171],"performance.":[174],"Based":[175],"dataset,":[178],"developed":[180],"pipeline":[183],"for":[184],"covering":[189],"detection,":[190],"classification,":[191],"transcription":[193],"text":[196],"scanned":[198],"images.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-15T00:00:00"}
