{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123335338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653453","title":"Massive Metasurface-Assisted Multidirectional Beam Shaping: Prototyping and Outdoor Experimental Results in Millimeter-Wave Band","display_name":"Massive Metasurface-Assisted Multidirectional Beam Shaping: Prototyping and Outdoor Experimental Results in Millimeter-Wave Band","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123335338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653453"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3653453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653453","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023476264","display_name":"Takumi Yoneda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0069-0467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Takumi Yoneda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053420223","display_name":"Tomoki Murakami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5617-155X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoki Murakami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122902206","display_name":"Sho Yoshida","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125702","display_name":"Innovative Technology Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhc2371","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125702"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sho Yoshida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Material Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Material Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125702"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013921650","display_name":"Toshiki Sayama","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125702","display_name":"Innovative Technology Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhc2371","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125702"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiki Sayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Material Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Material Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125702"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066913465","display_name":"Osamu Kagaya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3977-2747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125702","display_name":"Innovative Technology Laboratories (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhc2371","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125702"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osamu Kagaya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Material Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Material Integration Laboratories, AGC Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125702"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119774877","display_name":"Dan Mohri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Mohri","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068769659","display_name":"Satoshi Suyama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2363-6920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satoshi Suyama","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102053812","display_name":"Yuyuan Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyuan Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101473034","display_name":"Huiling Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-8583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huiling Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"6G-Tech Department, NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122851165","display_name":"Yasushi Takatori","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2251713219","display_name":"NTT (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/00berct97","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasushi Takatori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Access Network Service Systems Laboratories, NTT, Inc., Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023476264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2251713219"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09031823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"11942","last_page":"11952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9595000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.014700000174343586,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.014100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","score":0.7487999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflector","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","score":0.7109000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflective-surfaces","display_name":"Reflective surfaces","score":0.49459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection-coefficient","display_name":"Reflection coefficient","score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.39640000462532043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65682993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451","display_name":"Reflection (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7487999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778415886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1823435","display_name":"Reflector (photography)","level":3,"score":0.7109000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5813000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5777999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39308168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323266","display_name":"Reflective surfaces","level":3,"score":0.49459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41700454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1852282","display_name":"Reflection coefficient","level":2,"score":0.4867999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4738999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170395517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234943","display_name":"Total internal reflection","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42058472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810214","display_name":"Base (topology)","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135692309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111124","display_name":"Square (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2874000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776694159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351676","display_name":"Viewing angle","level":3,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779433544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435226","display_name":"Focal point","level":3,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64671776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769152","display_name":"Directional antenna","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778116611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25110567","display_name":"Frequency band","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143148639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876192","display_name":"Beam steering","level":3,"score":0.274399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.2605000138282776}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3653453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3653453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7309134602546692,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978839546","https://openalex.org/W2063753556","https://openalex.org/W2887342566","https://openalex.org/W2942221380","https://openalex.org/W2955897898","https://openalex.org/W2981096252","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W3003290868","https://openalex.org/W3011431516","https://openalex.org/W3036791426","https://openalex.org/W3043953517","https://openalex.org/W3099989708","https://openalex.org/W3122936010","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3137570378","https://openalex.org/W3157327022","https://openalex.org/W3159402647","https://openalex.org/W3182221871","https://openalex.org/W3203387279","https://openalex.org/W3205901529","https://openalex.org/W3217421966","https://openalex.org/W4205109852","https://openalex.org/W4281395144","https://openalex.org/W4281401003","https://openalex.org/W4281477758","https://openalex.org/W4312545830","https://openalex.org/W4386108410","https://openalex.org/W4387789671","https://openalex.org/W4389610177","https://openalex.org/W4392449462","https://openalex.org/W4400645019","https://openalex.org/W4410087276"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Metasurface":[0,36],"reflectors":[1,37,101,188],"and":[2,14,27,49,57,104,125,132,140,159,175,182,197],"reconfigurable":[3],"intelligent":[4],"surfaces":[5],"(RISs),":[6],"which":[7],"are":[8,38,50],"key":[9],"technologies":[10],"for":[11,152,162],"robust,":[12],"high-speed,":[13],"high-capacity":[15],"communications":[16],"in":[17,46,75,122,204],"millimeter-wave":[18],"bands,":[19],"can":[20,42],"eliminate":[21],"shadowed":[22],"areas":[23],"caused":[24],"by":[25,30,94],"buildings":[26,56],"moving":[28],"objects":[29],"artificially":[31],"shaping":[32],"the":[33,73,87,123,129,133,154,157,211,216,224],"propagation":[34],"environment.":[35],"passive":[39],"devices":[40],"that":[41,210],"generate":[43],"reflected":[44,212],"waves":[45,213],"desired":[47],"directions":[48],"expected":[51],"to":[52,120,128,137,178,192],"be":[53,69,79,116],"installed":[54],"on":[55,102],"windows":[58,103],"as":[59],"low-cost,":[60],"power-free":[61],"solutions.":[62],"However,":[63],"since":[64],"their":[65,201],"reflection":[66,160,183,218],"angles":[67,161],"cannot":[68],"adjusted":[70],"after":[71],"installation,":[72],"improvement":[74],"coverage":[76],"area":[77],"may":[78],"limited.":[80],"To":[81,143],"address":[82],"this":[83,145],"limitation,":[84],"we":[85,147,198],"propose":[86,149],"concept":[88],"of":[89,99,156],"building":[90,105],"a":[91,96,150,194,205],"multipath":[92],"environment":[93],"deploying":[95],"massive":[97],"number":[98],"metasurface":[100,113,163,168,187],"surfaces.":[106],"When":[107],"scaling":[108],"up":[109],"such":[110],"deployments,":[111],"each":[112,170,221],"reflector":[114],"must":[115],"individually":[117],"designed":[118,176,217],"due":[119],"variations":[121],"distance":[124],"angle":[126,184,219],"relative":[127],"base":[130],"station":[131],"user":[134],"equipment,":[135],"leading":[136],"increased":[138],"design":[139,155],"manufacturing":[141],"costs.":[142],"mitigate":[144],"issue,":[146],"also":[148],"method":[151],"simplifying":[153],"incident":[158,181],"reflectors.":[164],"We":[165,208],"fabricated":[166],"prototype":[167],"reflectors,":[169],"measuring":[171],"one":[172],"square":[173],"meter,":[174],"them":[177],"exhibit":[179],"specific":[180],"characteristics.":[185],"These":[186],"were":[189],"deployed":[190],"continuously":[191],"form":[193],"ten-meter-long":[195],"array,":[196],"experimentally":[199],"evaluated":[200],"angle-of-arrival":[202],"characteristics":[203],"large-scale":[206],"setting.":[207],"confirmed":[209],"arrived":[214],"from":[215],"at":[220],"point":[222],"within":[223],"measurement":[225],"area.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}