{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123349291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653033","title":"A Register-Minimal ECC Accelerator Based on Hamburg\u2019s Montgomery Ladder","display_name":"A Register-Minimal ECC Accelerator Based on Hamburg\u2019s Montgomery Ladder","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123349291","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653033"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3653033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653033","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122905933","display_name":"Sangwon Woo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sangwon Woo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6762-360X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066607974","display_name":"Piljoo Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-8975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Piljoo Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Computer and Artificial Intelligence Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-8975","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Computer and Artificial Intelligence Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03121842,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"9872","last_page":"9881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11693","display_name":"Cryptography and Residue Arithmetic","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11435","display_name":"Polynomial and algebraic computation","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6535999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operand","display_name":"Operand","score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.5784000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elliptic-curve-cryptography","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.4821000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/realization","display_name":"Realization (probability)","score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-arithmetic","display_name":"Modular arithmetic","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.4496000111103058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7391999959945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6535999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55526617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719375","display_name":"Operand","level":2,"score":0.6482999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.5784000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.5665000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.4821000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745","display_name":"Realization (probability)","level":2,"score":0.47909998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32049820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319400","display_name":"Modular arithmetic","level":3,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.4496000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.41110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106402246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528525","display_name":"Homogeneous coordinates","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179603306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q268493","display_name":"Elliptic curve","level":2,"score":0.29429998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92727272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001190","display_name":"Edwards curve","level":5,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114901","display_name":"Gate array","level":3,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163973906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649900","display_name":"Fixed-point arithmetic","level":3,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77926391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603880","display_name":"Finite field","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37055786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7843607","display_name":"Tripling-oriented Doche\u2013Icart\u2013Kohel curve","level":5,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3653033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3653033","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3653033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.41961410641670227,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5407138666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202405140001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321375","funder_display_name":"Pukyong National University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321375","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003736153","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2760385239","https://openalex.org/W2772987398","https://openalex.org/W2898822637","https://openalex.org/W2915352631","https://openalex.org/W3022755125","https://openalex.org/W3118185480","https://openalex.org/W4210258354","https://openalex.org/W4285731820","https://openalex.org/W4286655859","https://openalex.org/W4288062525","https://openalex.org/W4379470788","https://openalex.org/W4383819490","https://openalex.org/W4389459305","https://openalex.org/W4396782831","https://openalex.org/W4400270590","https://openalex.org/W4403094465","https://openalex.org/W4405440213"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Point":[0],"multiplication":[1],"(PntMlt)":[2],"is":[3,110],"a":[4,85],"fundamental":[5],"operation":[6,105],"in":[7,181],"elliptic":[8],"curve":[9],"cryptography":[10],"(ECC),":[11],"and":[12,44,65,75,99,151,178,184,190,201],"uniform":[13],"PntMlt":[14,180],"algorithms":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17,117,162],"the":[18,39,60,66,119,123,140,143],"Montgomery":[19],"ladder":[20],"(ML)":[21],"are":[22],"widely":[23,144],"adopted":[24],"to":[25,112,128],"resist":[26],"side-channel":[27],"leakage.":[28],"In":[29,135],"particular,":[30],"for":[31,131,199],"short":[32,114],"Weierstrass":[33,115],"curves,":[34],"Hamburg\u2019s":[35,94,157],"improved":[36],"ML":[37,95,158],"reduces":[38],"number":[40],"of":[41,93,101,122,175],"modular":[42,124],"multiplications,":[43],"this":[45,136],"efficiency":[46],"has":[47],"made":[48],"it":[49,55],"an":[50,163],"attractive":[51],"option.":[52],"However,":[53],"since":[54],"also":[56],"employs":[57],"projective":[58],"coordinates,":[59],"formulae":[61],"become":[62],"more":[63],"complicated,":[64],"hardware":[67,165,176],"implementation":[68],"still":[69],"suffers":[70],"from":[71],"increased":[72],"register":[73],"usage":[74],"substantial":[76],"storage":[77],"overhead.":[78],"To":[79],"address":[80],"these":[81],"issues,":[82],"we":[83,138,154],"propose":[84],"register-minimal":[86],"accelerator":[87],"architecture":[88,109],"that":[89,156],"achieves":[90],"efficient":[91,164],"realization":[92],"through":[96],"coordinate":[97],"compression":[98],"reuse":[100],"submodule":[102],"registers":[103],"with":[104],"rescheduling.":[106],"The":[107,167],"proposed":[108,168],"applicable":[111],"any":[113],"curve,":[116],"only":[118,171],"operand":[120],"width":[121],"arithmetic":[125],"units":[126],"needs":[127],"be":[129,160],"adjusted":[130],"different":[132],"field":[133],"sizes.":[134],"work,":[137],"demonstrate":[139],"approach":[141],"using":[142],"deployed":[145],"NIST":[146],"P-256":[147],"curve.":[148],"Through":[149],"FPGA":[150],"ASIC":[152],"implementations,":[153],"show":[155],"can":[159],"realized":[161],"accelerator.":[166],"design":[169],"requires":[170],"about":[172],"90\u2013100":[173],"kGEs":[174],"resources":[177],"completes":[179],"0.05":[182],"ms":[183,186],"0.12":[185],"at":[187],"45":[188],"nm":[189,192],"180":[191],"process":[193],"technologies,":[194],"respectively,":[195],"demonstrating":[196],"its":[197],"practicality":[198],"secure":[200],"resource-constrained":[202],"ECC":[203],"systems.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}
