{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123365952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652791","title":"Comparative Analysis of Ultra-Low-Power PPM Demodulation Algorithms Applied to Underwater Biotelemetry Systems\u2019 Bidirectional Acoustic Tags","display_name":"Comparative Analysis of Ultra-Low-Power PPM Demodulation Algorithms Applied to Underwater Biotelemetry Systems\u2019 Bidirectional Acoustic Tags","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123365952","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3652791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652791","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092851630","display_name":"Gerard Batet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5428-5249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gerard Batet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121972893","display_name":"Enoc Martinez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enoc Martinez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Sarria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9965-2479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Sarria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121350089","display_name":"SPARTACUS GOMARIZ","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Spartacus Gomariz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121912178","display_name":"Joaquin Del Rio","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9617848","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03mb6wj31","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joaquin Del Rio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote Acquisition and Data Processing Systems (SARTI) Research Group, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Vilanova i la GeltrÃ, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121344808","display_name":"IVAN MASMITJA","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104448","display_name":"Institut Catal\u00e0 de Ci\u00e8ncies del Clima","ror":"https://ror.org/01bpa4157","country_code":"ES","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104448"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Masmitja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut de Ciències del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104448"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092851630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9617848"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09029745,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"9408","last_page":"9418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.3537999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.3537999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.09700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10659","display_name":"Marine animal studies overview","score":0.05530000105500221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demodulation","display_name":"Demodulation","score":0.7178999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biotelemetry","display_name":"Biotelemetry","score":0.6492999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.5971999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microcontroller","display_name":"Microcontroller","score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.3970000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7768999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195251586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185939","display_name":"Demodulation","level":3,"score":0.7178999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192278026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915350","display_name":"Biotelemetry","level":3,"score":0.6492999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.5971999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5231000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5041999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173018170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165678","display_name":"Microcontroller","level":2,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4316999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.40049999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.3677999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.34950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46035914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1767289","display_name":"Pulse-position modulation","level":5,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183121708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209867","display_name":"Telemetry","level":2,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.26179999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986501211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustic sensor","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3652791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/418346","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10261/418346","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400616","display_name":"DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134820265","host_organization_name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/452181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2117/452181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210207057","display_name":"QRU Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme","issn_l":"2014-9689","issn":["2014-9689","2385-6777"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310322448","host_organization_name":"Q71272178","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310322448"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Q71272178"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3652791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8525303602218628}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1039745569","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BDNS 612831","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334830","funder_display_name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3767021184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-114732RBC31","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3903535489","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021 SGR 00259","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","funder_display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4355166163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-114732RBC33","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7065913961","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2020-114732RBC32","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8015308684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RYC2022-038056-I","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321505","display_name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/01bg62x04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334830","display_name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","ror":"https://ror.org/01n4pqe45"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1944732173","https://openalex.org/W1965480906","https://openalex.org/W1999369452","https://openalex.org/W2003297076","https://openalex.org/W2057264401","https://openalex.org/W2120168456","https://openalex.org/W2129879516","https://openalex.org/W2169485390","https://openalex.org/W2317325569","https://openalex.org/W2465227471","https://openalex.org/W2476452643","https://openalex.org/W2572841326","https://openalex.org/W2742146860","https://openalex.org/W2772679601","https://openalex.org/W2996518129","https://openalex.org/W3023657883","https://openalex.org/W3108678770","https://openalex.org/W3131387838","https://openalex.org/W3194951925","https://openalex.org/W4206359806","https://openalex.org/W4226393828","https://openalex.org/W4231896027","https://openalex.org/W4285413478","https://openalex.org/W4386459842","https://openalex.org/W4403676375","https://openalex.org/W4412446246","https://openalex.org/W4413205292"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"article,":[2],"a":[3,48,71,118],"comparative":[4],"analysis":[5],"of":[6,22,123],"pulse":[7],"position":[8],"modulation":[9],"demodulation":[10],"algorithms":[11,34,61],"tailored":[12],"for":[13],"ultra-low-power":[14],"applications":[15],"is":[16],"presented,":[17],"specifically":[18],"in":[19],"the":[20,40,63,83,86,99,107,128,133],"context":[21],"bidirectional":[23,72],"acoustic":[24,50,73],"tags":[25],"developed":[26],"to":[27,81,106,127],"improve":[28],"marine":[29],"biotelemetry":[30],"data":[31],"acquisition.":[32],"Various":[33],"and":[35,53,92],"techniques":[36],"were":[37,67,79],"evaluated,":[38],"with":[39],"three":[41],"most":[42],"theoretically":[43],"efficient":[44],"methods":[45],"tested":[46],"using":[47],"simplified":[49],"transmission":[51],"model":[52],"validated":[54],"against":[55],"qualitative":[56],"field":[57],"data.":[58],"The":[59,95],"two":[60],"demonstrating":[62],"highest":[64],"detection":[65,103],"performance":[66,104],"subsequently":[68],"implemented":[69],"on":[70],"tag":[74],"prototype,":[75],"where":[76],"power":[77],"measurements":[78],"conducted":[80],"identify":[82],"method":[84],"offering":[85,111],"optimal":[87],"balance":[88],"between":[89],"signal":[90],"detectability":[91],"energy":[93,114],"consumption.":[94],"results":[96],"show":[97],"that":[98],"G\u00f6ertzel":[100],"algorithm":[101],"achieves":[102],"equivalent":[105],"FFT-based":[108],"approach":[109],"while":[110],"significantly":[112],"improved":[113],"efficiency,":[115],"operating":[116],"at":[117],"reduced":[119],"microcontroller":[120],"clock":[121],"frequency":[122],"16":[124],"MHz,":[125],"compared":[126],"24":[129],"MHz":[130],"required":[131],"by":[132],"FFT":[134],"implementation.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}