{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123357443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652267","title":"Hybrid Parallel Model of Semi-Blind Joint Timing-Offset and Channel Estimation for AF-TWRNs","display_name":"Hybrid Parallel Model of Semi-Blind Joint Timing-Offset and Channel Estimation for AF-TWRNs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123357443","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652267"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3652267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652267","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110752019","display_name":"Ali Ali El-Moursy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali A. El-Moursy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021059614","display_name":"Oruba Alfawaz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oruba Alfawaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["SACT, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SACT, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086105087","display_name":"Khawla A. Alnajjar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4218-9687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khawla A. Alnajjar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116271679","display_name":"Saeed Abdulla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["SACT, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SACT, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101495990","display_name":"Mohamed Abou El Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052845202","display_name":"Fadi N. Sibai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9677-8911"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179311214","display_name":"Gulf University for Science & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04d9rzd67","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadi Sibai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179311214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110752019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06915772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"8674","last_page":"8686"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.4438000023365021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.4438000023365021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.15410000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.04280000180006027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multithreading","display_name":"Multithreading","score":0.704800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.6291000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-passing","display_name":"Message passing","score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.44110000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8727999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201410400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1064412","display_name":"Multithreading","level":3,"score":0.704800009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.6291000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5090000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.5051000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C854659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1859284","display_name":"Message passing","level":2,"score":0.4903999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4697999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3779999911785126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166782233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127879","display_name":"Message Passing Interface","level":3,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120373497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1087987","display_name":"Parallel algorithm","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.33180001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.33160001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62469222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092103","display_name":"Hybrid algorithm (constraint satisfaction)","level":5,"score":0.32749998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3122999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106515295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26806595","display_name":"Parallel processing","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167928553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1376021","display_name":"Estimation theory","level":2,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.27469998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196455857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5473264","display_name":"Forward algorithm","level":5,"score":0.25440001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3652267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3652267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3652267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1504716497","https://openalex.org/W1987466814","https://openalex.org/W2035192917","https://openalex.org/W2035590009","https://openalex.org/W2059491796","https://openalex.org/W2136102131","https://openalex.org/W2138924491","https://openalex.org/W2158234251","https://openalex.org/W2293307565","https://openalex.org/W2624841020","https://openalex.org/W2897924439","https://openalex.org/W2900715076","https://openalex.org/W2901713178","https://openalex.org/W2947604825","https://openalex.org/W2966776354","https://openalex.org/W2992727511","https://openalex.org/W2996091729","https://openalex.org/W2997290804","https://openalex.org/W3001873489","https://openalex.org/W3047480333","https://openalex.org/W3104544724","https://openalex.org/W3140401364","https://openalex.org/W3148391010","https://openalex.org/W3162329649","https://openalex.org/W3188577049","https://openalex.org/W4200538241","https://openalex.org/W4361802267","https://openalex.org/W4381735824","https://openalex.org/W4393379743","https://openalex.org/W4399449376","https://openalex.org/W4399472186","https://openalex.org/W4401314278","https://openalex.org/W4402669133","https://openalex.org/W4406460992","https://openalex.org/W4408100794","https://openalex.org/W4408280715","https://openalex.org/W4410536620","https://openalex.org/W4412044719","https://openalex.org/W4414130623"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Timing":[0],"offset":[1],"and":[2,30,90,105,113,120,153,158,163],"channel":[3,106,154],"estimation":[4,33],"plays":[5],"an":[6],"important":[7],"role":[8],"in":[9,101],"the":[10,22,42,45,53,57,61,69,80,88,126,132,137,146],"performance":[11,91,175],"of":[12,44,56,60,64,82,98,149],"amplify-and-forward":[13],"two-way":[14],"relay":[15],"networks.":[16],"The":[17,38,122],"state-of-the":[18],"art":[19],"approach":[20],"models":[21,117],"system":[23],"as":[24],"a":[25],"Hidden":[26],"Markov":[27],"Model":[28],"(HMM)":[29],"performs":[31],"semi-blind":[32,102,150],"using":[34],"expectation":[35],"maximization":[36],"(EM).":[37],"HMM":[39],"formulation":[40],"allows":[41],"use":[43],"Baum":[46],"Welch":[47],"(BW)":[48],"forward-backward":[49],"algorithm":[50,66],"to":[51,72,131],"calculate":[52],"posterior":[54],"probabilities":[55],"data.":[58],"One":[59],"main":[62],"challenges":[63],"this":[65,78],"is":[67,129],"reducing":[68],"computational":[70],"complexity":[71],"allow":[73],"fast":[74],"real-time":[75],"implementation.":[76],"In":[77,135],"work,":[79],"opportunities":[81],"parallelization":[83,96],"are":[84,118],"studied":[85],"based":[86],"on":[87],"time":[89],"analysis.":[92],"We":[93],"propose":[94],"different":[95],"techniques":[97],"compute-intensive":[99],"tasks":[100],"joint":[103,151],"timing-offset":[104,152],"estimation.":[107],"Multi-threading,":[108],"message":[109],"passing":[110],"interface":[111],"(MPI)":[112],"hybrid":[114,127,138,170],"(multi-threading/":[115],"MPI)":[116],"implemented":[119],"tested.":[121],"results":[123],"show":[124],"that":[125],"model":[128,140,172],"superior":[130],"other":[133,177],"models.":[134,179],"particular,":[136],"parallel":[139,171],"can":[141],"achieve":[142,160],"10.4X":[143],"speedup":[144],"over":[145],"serial":[147],"implementation":[148],"estimation,":[155],"while":[156],"multithreading":[157],"MPI":[159],"only":[161],"6.5X":[162],"1.5X":[164],"speedup,":[165],"respectively.":[166],"Moreover,":[167],"our":[168],"proposed":[169],"achieved":[173],"better":[174],"than":[176],"existing":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T15:07:20.185449","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}