{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118185769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651110","title":"Smart DC Fast Charging Management Using Genetic Algorithms in Public Area Car Parks: A Hybrid Renewable Energy and Dynamic Tariff Approach for Operator Profit and User Cost Reduction","display_name":"Smart DC Fast Charging Management Using Genetic Algorithms in Public Area Car Parks: A Hybrid Renewable Energy and Dynamic Tariff Approach for Operator Profit and User Cost Reduction","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118185769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651110"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3651110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651110","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121912329","display_name":"Emircan Aykar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Emircan Aykar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003058527","display_name":"Cenk Andi\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1123-899X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cenk Andic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005377744","display_name":"Belgin Emre T\u00fcrkay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0922-8936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I48912391","display_name":"Istanbul Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/059636586","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Belgin Turkay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121912329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I48912391"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02503311,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"3452","last_page":"3470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.017100000753998756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11249","display_name":"Wireless Power Transfer Systems","score":0.004100000020116568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit-maximization","display_name":"Profit maximization","score":0.5992000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tariff","display_name":"Tariff","score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.40799999237060547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7153000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777780509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377422","display_name":"Profit maximization","level":3,"score":0.5992000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5519999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5097000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5088000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.4934000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.4823000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.46380001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.4345000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.4092000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775","display_name":"Load profile","level":3,"score":0.3815000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777427512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501349","display_name":"Parking lot","level":2,"score":0.33869999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.30329999327659607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781260460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139999","display_name":"Energy management system","level":4,"score":0.29739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.25920000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143517461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138571","display_name":"Renewable resource","level":3,"score":0.2535000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.25279998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3651110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3651110","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651110","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6253618597984314,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324280","display_name":"ASELSAN","ror":"https://ror.org/04knh8e66"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578668725","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1974010458","https://openalex.org/W2000299814","https://openalex.org/W2001996781","https://openalex.org/W2097571405","https://openalex.org/W2942126749","https://openalex.org/W2954413192","https://openalex.org/W2969620986","https://openalex.org/W2979859609","https://openalex.org/W2998761707","https://openalex.org/W3007333588","https://openalex.org/W3034435232","https://openalex.org/W3085091958","https://openalex.org/W3093873961","https://openalex.org/W3094704314","https://openalex.org/W3097944859","https://openalex.org/W3107999936","https://openalex.org/W3109698741","https://openalex.org/W3195708256","https://openalex.org/W3203654016","https://openalex.org/W4285010621","https://openalex.org/W4285162310","https://openalex.org/W4313259859","https://openalex.org/W4379379965","https://openalex.org/W4388692294","https://openalex.org/W4392309254","https://openalex.org/W4392450349","https://openalex.org/W4393217292","https://openalex.org/W4394993685","https://openalex.org/W4400944384","https://openalex.org/W4401691705","https://openalex.org/W4402041148","https://openalex.org/W4404503792","https://openalex.org/W4404625238","https://openalex.org/W4404688833","https://openalex.org/W4405212051","https://openalex.org/W4407343592","https://openalex.org/W4409539090","https://openalex.org/W4410771651","https://openalex.org/W4412129907","https://openalex.org/W4412872134"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aligned":[0],"with":[1,41,59,128],"the":[2,19,66,69,76,114,124,132,164,207,220],"requirements":[3],"of":[4,23,68,73,143,156,188],"efficient":[5],"charging":[6,16],"infrastructure":[7,22],"operation":[8],"and":[9,55,58,61,80,117,159,177,181,213],"user":[10,62,84,152,214],"satisfaction,":[11],"this":[12],"study":[13,167],"treats":[14],"smart":[15],"scheduling":[17],"for":[18],"DC":[20],"fast-charging":[21],"a":[24,109],"shopping":[25],"mall":[26],"(SM)":[27],"parking":[28],"lot":[29],"as":[30],"an":[31,81],"operator":[32,103,148,197],"profit":[33,104,149,198],"maximization":[34],"problem.":[35],"The":[36,166,186],"proposed":[37,221],"approach":[38],"simultaneously":[39],"enforces":[40,134],"realistic":[42],"station-level":[43],"constraints,":[44,196],"that":[45,101,135],"plug":[46,48],"uniqueness,":[47],"reservation,":[49],"vehicle/plug":[50],"matching":[51],"continuity,":[52],"plug-power":[53],"limitation":[54],"capacity":[56],"limits":[57],"vehicle":[60],"level":[63],"requirements,":[64],"namely":[65],"attainment":[67],"target":[70,141],"battery":[71],"state":[72,142],"energy":[74,89,144],"(SoE),":[75,145],"time-of-use":[77],"(ToU)":[78],"tariff,":[79],"incentive-based":[82],"dynamic":[83],"tariff":[85],"derived":[86],"from":[87],"renewable":[88,157],"generation.":[90],"A":[91],"genetic":[92],"algorithm":[93],"(GA)":[94],"based":[95],"optimization":[96],"framework":[97,168],"is":[98,169],"established;":[99],"solutions":[100],"maximize":[102],"are":[105,179,183],"sought.":[106],"Defined":[107],"on":[108,123,163],"one-day":[110],"time":[111],"series":[112],"comprising":[113],"photovoltaic":[115],"(PV)":[116],"wind-turbine":[118],"(WT)":[119],"generation":[120],"profiles":[121],"integrated":[122],"SM":[125],"rooftop,":[126],"together":[127],"grid":[129],"buy-sell":[130],"prices,":[131],"model":[133],"all":[136],"vehicles":[137],"attain":[138],"their":[139],"end-of-day":[140],"targets":[146],"higher":[147],"through":[150,219],"enhanced":[151],"incentives":[153],"during":[154],"periods":[155],"generation,":[158],"reduces":[160],"peak":[161,202],"loading":[162],"grid.":[165],"structured":[170],"around":[171],"cases":[172],"in":[173],"which":[174],"system":[175],"capabilities":[176],"scale":[178],"varied,":[180],"resources":[182],"commissioned":[184],"sequentially.":[185],"results":[187],"case":[189],"simulations":[190],"indicate":[191],"that,":[192],"without":[193],"violating":[194],"any":[195],"can":[199,204,210,216],"be":[200,205,211,217],"increased,":[201],"demand":[203],"reduced,":[206],"load":[208],"profile":[209],"smoothed,":[212],"cost":[215],"lowered":[218],"incentive":[222],"mechanism.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00"}