{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415338123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651055","title":"DeepFake Detection in Dyadic Video Calls Using Point of Gaze Tracking","display_name":"DeepFake Detection in Dyadic Video Calls Using Point of Gaze Tracking","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415338123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651055"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3651055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651055","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094028120","display_name":"Odin Kohler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16944753","display_name":"Clarkson University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rwgpn18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Odin M. T. Kohler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007777494","display_name":"R. Vijaykumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16944753","display_name":"Clarkson University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rwgpn18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Vijaykumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037790753","display_name":"Masudul H. Imtiaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5528-482X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16944753","display_name":"Clarkson University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rwgpn18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masudul H. Imtiaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5094028120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16944753"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00253421,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"7850","last_page":"7859"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12720","display_name":"Multimedia Communication and Technology","score":0.9452999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8535000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.6843000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5928000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonverbal-communication","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","score":0.38960000872612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8535000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.6843000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5928000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.48590001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4388999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145633318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207125","display_name":"Nonverbal communication","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.3310000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019020692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Location tracking","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3651055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2509.25503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2509.25503","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.25503","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2509.25503","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.25503","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3651055","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3651055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2871447198","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2501916","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3477372396","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2413228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","funder_display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"recent":[1],"advancements":[2],"in":[3,14],"deepfake":[4,45,75,125,187],"technology,":[5],"it":[6,103],"is":[7,46,76,91,95,177],"now":[8],"possible":[9],"to":[10,21,26,42,53,71,107,129,182],"generate":[11],"convincing":[12],"deepfakes":[13],"real-time.":[15],"Unfortunately,":[16],"malicious":[17,55,65],"actors":[18,66],"have":[19],"started":[20],"use":[22],"this":[23,58,116,130],"new":[24],"technology":[25],"perform":[27],"real-time":[28,124],"phishing":[29],"attacks":[30],"during":[31,89,156],"video":[32,38,68],"meetings.":[33],"The":[34],"nature":[35],"of":[36,82,87,114,132,151,168,174],"a":[37,99,123,165],"call":[39],"allows":[40],"access":[41],"what":[43],"the":[44,50,54,60,64,74,80,85,178],"\u201cseeing,\u201d":[47],"that":[48],"is,":[49],"screen":[51],"displayed":[52],"actor.":[56],"Using":[57],"with":[59],"estimated":[61],"gaze":[62,88,154],"from":[63],"streamed":[67],"enables":[69],"us":[70],"estimate":[72],"where":[73],"looking":[77],"on":[78,144,153,164],"screen,":[79],"point":[81,86],"gaze.":[83],"Because":[84],"conversations":[90],"not":[92,112],"random":[93],"and":[94],"instead":[96],"used":[97,106],"as":[98],"subtle":[100,117],"nonverbal":[101,118],"communicator,":[102],"can":[104],"be":[105],"detect":[108],"deepfakes,":[109],"which":[110],"are":[111],"capable":[113],"mimicking":[115],"communication.":[119],"This":[120,176],"paper":[121],"proposes":[122],"detection":[126],"method":[127,181],"adapted":[128],"genre":[131],"attack,":[133],"utilizing":[134],"previously":[135],"unavailable":[136],"biometric":[137],"information.":[138],"We":[139,159],"built":[140],"our":[141,162,169],"model":[142,163],"based":[143],"explainable":[145],"features":[146],"selected":[147],"after":[148],"careful":[149],"review":[150],"research":[152],"patterns":[155],"dyadic":[157],"conversations.":[158],"then":[160],"test":[161],"novel":[166],"dataset":[167],"creation,":[170],"achieving":[171],"an":[172],"accuracy":[173],"82%.":[175],"first":[179],"reported":[180],"utilize":[183],"point-of-gaze":[184],"tracking":[185],"for":[186],"detection.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-19T00:00:00"}