{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118166701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3650809","title":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Wire Gauge Selection for Zonal Automotive Harness Design Under Dynamic Driving Scenarios","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning-Based Adaptive Wire Gauge Selection for Zonal Automotive Harness Design Under Dynamic Driving Scenarios","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118166701","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3650809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3650809","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3650809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3650809","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118115333","display_name":"Md Sanowar Hossain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41121874","display_name":"Heilbronn University","ror":"https://ror.org/04g5gcg95","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Sanowar Hossain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, K&#x00FC;nzelsau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2201-4737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, K&#x00FC;nzelsau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075009378","display_name":"Alexander Jesser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-6860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41121874","display_name":"Heilbronn University","ror":"https://ror.org/04g5gcg95","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Jesser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, K&#x00FC;nzelsau, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2067-6860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS), Heilbronn University of Applied Sciences, K&#x00FC;nzelsau, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41121874"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01940517,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"19766","last_page":"19785"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12804","display_name":"Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission","score":0.12150000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12804","display_name":"Thermal Analysis in Power Transmission","score":0.12150000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.0835999995470047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11522","display_name":"VLSI and FPGA Design Techniques","score":0.05079999938607216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-industry","display_name":"Automotive industry","score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cable-harness","display_name":"Cable harness","score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.31769999861717224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.6413999795913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6126999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180761244","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354262","display_name":"Cable harness","level":3,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3522999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.34709998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40976572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330873","display_name":"Gauge (firearms)","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.31769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60584519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610723","display_name":"Strain gauge","level":2,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34800285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159395","display_name":"Conductor","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779261148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5852","display_name":"Blanket","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777709985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770135","display_name":"Conveyor belt","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82178898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166839","display_name":"Voltage drop","level":3,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3650809","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3650809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:848637b005484abc805b703a6e8211b7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/848637b005484abc805b703a6e8211b7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 19766-19785 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2026.3650809","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2026.3650809","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2762964486","https://openalex.org/W2997591727","https://openalex.org/W3042277938","https://openalex.org/W3044015199","https://openalex.org/W3124718900","https://openalex.org/W3132511662","https://openalex.org/W3134260096","https://openalex.org/W4200166204","https://openalex.org/W4282563113","https://openalex.org/W4285121931","https://openalex.org/W4317243071","https://openalex.org/W4318618403","https://openalex.org/W4322629765","https://openalex.org/W4385431679","https://openalex.org/W4386376555","https://openalex.org/W4386961487","https://openalex.org/W4387123800","https://openalex.org/W4387186626","https://openalex.org/W4389296275","https://openalex.org/W4390323262","https://openalex.org/W4392942169","https://openalex.org/W4398142228","https://openalex.org/W4399644670","https://openalex.org/W4400762160","https://openalex.org/W4401985231","https://openalex.org/W4402216364","https://openalex.org/W4403159281","https://openalex.org/W4404497086","https://openalex.org/W4405785139","https://openalex.org/W4407780763","https://openalex.org/W4407808995","https://openalex.org/W4412836918","https://openalex.org/W4413045683"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,36,54,80,85,101,119,148,220],"reinforcement":[4],"learning":[5],"(RL)":[6],"framework":[7],"for":[8],"adaptive":[9],"wire\u2013gauge":[10],"selection":[11],"in":[12],"zonal":[13,55],"automotive":[14],"wiring":[15],"harnesses":[16,227],"under":[17],"dynamic":[18],"driving":[19],"scenarios.":[20],"Focusing":[21],"on":[22],"the":[23,27,125,180,184],"centroid\u2013to\u2013battery":[24],"(pre-distribution)":[25],"segment,":[26],"method":[28],"minimizes":[29],"conductor":[30],"mass":[31,89,169,189],"while":[32],"enforcing":[33],"electrical":[34],"constraints:":[35],"voltage\u2013drop":[37],"limit":[38],"of":[39,42,136,171],"0.36V":[40],"(3%":[41],"12":[43],"V)":[44],"and":[45,63,68,93,100,110,116,147,155,176,203,233],"temperature\u2013aware":[46],"ampacity.":[47],"Scenario\u2013dependent":[48],"current":[49],"profiles":[50],"are":[51,65,72],"derived":[52],"from":[53,143],"dataset":[56],"with":[57,97,131,160],"four":[58],"representative":[59],"operating":[60],"conditions;":[61],"distances":[62],"topology":[64],"held":[66],"fixed,":[67],"only":[69],"wire":[70],"types":[71],"optimized.":[73],"A":[74],"multi\u2013head":[75],"Deep":[76],"Q\u2013Network":[77],"(DQN)":[78],"selects":[79],"gauge":[81],"per":[82,212],"centroid":[83],"using":[84],"reward":[86],"that":[87,216,228],"balances":[88],"reduction,":[90],"constraint":[91],"compliance,":[92],"voltage\u2013budget":[94],"utilization.":[95],"Validation":[96],"MATLAB":[98],"scripts":[99],"companion":[102],"Simulink":[103],"model":[104],"shows":[105],"near\u2013identical":[106],"voltage":[107,134],"drops,":[108],"margins,":[109],"validity":[111],"flags":[112],"across":[113,231],"65\u00b0C,":[114],"85\u00b0C,":[115,124],"105\u00b0C.":[117],"On":[118],"12\u2013zone":[120,181],"High\u2013application":[121],"case":[122],"at":[123,200],"RL":[126,185,218],"policy":[127],"achieves":[128],"100%":[129],"compliance":[130],"an":[132],"average":[133],"drop":[135],"0.30V,":[137],"whereas":[138],"baselines":[139],"(a":[140],"static\u2013gauge":[141],"design":[142,186],"Hossain":[144,161],"et":[145,162],"al.":[146,163],"rule\u2013based":[149],"scenario\u2013aware":[150,217],"method)":[151],"exhibit":[152],"higher":[153],"drops":[154],"lower":[156,209],"compliance.":[157],"System\u2013level":[158],"comparisons":[159],"(distances":[164],"unchanged)":[165],"indicate":[166],"total":[167],"harness":[168],"reductions":[170],"\u20133.62%":[172],"(Low),":[173],"\u201332.01%":[174],"(Mid),":[175],"\u201334.51%":[177],"(High).":[178],"For":[179],"High":[182],"case,":[183],"reduces":[187],"centroid\u2192battery":[188],"by":[190],"12.52":[191],"kg,":[192],"yielding":[193],"about":[194],"\u20ac108.13":[195],"copper":[196],"cost":[197],"savings":[198],"(priced":[199],"\u20ac":[201],"8.6338/kg)":[202],"51.95":[204],"kg":[205],"CO<sub":[206],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[207],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>e":[208],"embodied":[210],"emissions":[211],"harness.":[213],"Results":[214],"demonstrate":[215],"provides":[219],"practical,":[221],"scalable":[222],"path":[223],"to":[224],"lighter,":[225],"standard\u2013compliant":[226],"remain":[229],"robust":[230],"temperatures":[232],"load":[234],"variability.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00"}
