{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118195288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650610","title":"Explainable Multi-Modal Fusion-Based Federated Learning for Mortality Prediction in Energy-Constrained Healthcare Systems","display_name":"Explainable Multi-Modal Fusion-Based Federated Learning for Mortality Prediction in Energy-Constrained Healthcare Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118195288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650610","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120054679","display_name":"Misbah Bibi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83202590","display_name":"Jeju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hnb4n85","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Misbah Bibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Rashid Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-7412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45998257","display_name":"Sohar University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ftvf862","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rashid Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and IT, Sohar University, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and IT, Sohar University, Sohar, Sultanate of Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45998257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121974740","display_name":"Atif Rizwan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atif Rizwan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121934656","display_name":"Anam Nawaz Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anam Nawaz Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046869007","display_name":"Qazi Waqas Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-3920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83202590","display_name":"Jeju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hnb4n85","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qazi Waqas Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116849143","display_name":"Do-Hyeun Kim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83202590","display_name":"Jeju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hnb4n85","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Do-Hyeun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Big Data Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Big Data Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120054679"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83202590"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03457292,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"6146","last_page":"6166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5882999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5882999897003174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.225600004196167,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6229000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6065999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traceability","display_name":"Traceability","score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.40220001339912415}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7950999736785889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6229000091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6065999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153876917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899704","display_name":"Traceability","level":2,"score":0.4952999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4668000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.40220001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988170871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11000047","display_name":"Healthcare system","level":3,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114073186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2631895","display_name":"Automated planning and scheduling","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30390000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.2587999999523163}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:umu-249160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-249160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400361","display_name":"DiVA at Ume\u00e5 University (Ume\u00e5 University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","host_organization_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650610","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650610","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6691339015960693,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2511177073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2025-02263031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2806031239","https://openalex.org/W2892741787","https://openalex.org/W3012581557","https://openalex.org/W3045443168","https://openalex.org/W3046918297","https://openalex.org/W3091791645","https://openalex.org/W3100779497","https://openalex.org/W3122649642","https://openalex.org/W3125069671","https://openalex.org/W3135725834","https://openalex.org/W3165409352","https://openalex.org/W3171931649","https://openalex.org/W3189411510","https://openalex.org/W3200223987","https://openalex.org/W3200840849","https://openalex.org/W3202607816","https://openalex.org/W3206468898","https://openalex.org/W3213069569","https://openalex.org/W4206828290","https://openalex.org/W4214758645","https://openalex.org/W4220708330","https://openalex.org/W4225272053","https://openalex.org/W4282914998","https://openalex.org/W4292148537","https://openalex.org/W4296260108","https://openalex.org/W4298137257","https://openalex.org/W4313361314","https://openalex.org/W4317241540","https://openalex.org/W4318562013","https://openalex.org/W4319984229","https://openalex.org/W4323567963","https://openalex.org/W4380080455","https://openalex.org/W4385648837","https://openalex.org/W4387197170","https://openalex.org/W4387638841","https://openalex.org/W4388012912","https://openalex.org/W4391067282","https://openalex.org/W4391828084","https://openalex.org/W4394019051","https://openalex.org/W4399431159","https://openalex.org/W4401452519","https://openalex.org/W4410854136","https://openalex.org/W4412939627","https://openalex.org/W4417508075"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,91],"growing":[1],"demand":[2],"for":[3,19,41,61,69,134],"privacy-preserving":[4],"and":[5,131,152],"reliable":[6,132],"AI":[7,139],"solutions":[8],"in":[9,88,95,141],"healthcare":[10,143],"has":[11],"made":[12],"Federated":[13],"Learning":[14],"(FL)":[15],"a":[16,58,66,101,129],"captivating":[17],"approach":[18],"clinical":[20,42,63,124,153],"decision":[21],"support":[22],"systems.":[23],"However,":[24],"contempt":[25],"its":[26],"promise,":[27],"many":[28],"FL":[29,54],"approaches":[30],"struggle":[31],"to":[32],"balance":[33],"predictive":[34],"accuracy":[35],"with":[36,65],"explainability,":[37],"an":[38,51,111],"essential":[39],"requirement":[40],"approval.":[43],"To":[44],"address":[45],"this":[46,48],"gap,":[47],"study":[49],"presents":[50],"explainable":[52,138],"multi-modality":[53],"framework":[55,92],"that":[56,115],"consolidates":[57],"transformer":[59],"model":[60,68,89,109,150],"unstructured":[62],"notes":[64],"tree-based":[67],"structured":[70],"patient":[71],"data.":[72],"Using":[73],"both":[74],"data":[75],"modalities,":[76],"the":[77,96,106,135,146],"proposed":[78],"hybrid":[79],"architecture":[80],"empowers":[81],"robust":[82],"mortality":[83],"prediction":[84],"while":[85,119],"ensuring":[86],"traceability":[87],"decision-making.":[90],"is":[93],"evaluated":[94],"large-scale":[97],"MIMIC-IV":[98],"dataset":[99],"within":[100],"decentralized":[102],"hospital":[103],"environment,":[104],"where":[105],"global":[107],"fusion-based":[108],"achieves":[110],"AUC":[112],"of":[113,137],"0.89":[114],"surpasses":[116],"traditional":[117],"baselines":[118],"providing":[120],"interpretable":[121],"insights":[122],"on":[123],"outcomes.":[125],"These":[126],"findings":[127],"validate":[128],"scalable":[130],"solution":[133],"deployment":[136],"(XAI)":[140],"federated":[142],"systems,":[144],"spanning":[145],"critical":[147],"gap":[148],"between":[149],"performance":[151],"confidence.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00"}