{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117876417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650426","title":"Cooperative Spectrum Sensing and Sharing in PD-NOMA Cognitive Radio Networks","display_name":"Cooperative Spectrum Sensing and Sharing in PD-NOMA Cognitive Radio Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117876417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650426"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650426","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116414020","display_name":"Gilbert Machani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gilbert W. Machani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045591244","display_name":"Tom Walingo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1715-6082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom Walingo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Discipline of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116414020"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":110.4638,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99370161,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"2592","last_page":"2606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.857200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.857200026512146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.07649999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11873","display_name":"PAPR reduction in OFDM","score":0.020400000736117363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underlay","display_name":"Underlay","score":0.6527000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6412000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fusion-center","display_name":"Fusion center","score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-allocation","display_name":"Frequency allocation","score":0.39730000495910645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8054999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777679929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7883709","display_name":"Underlay","level":3,"score":0.6527000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6412000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5902000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.539900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5123000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.45350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781234732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943505","display_name":"Fusion center","level":4,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134579502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455619","display_name":"Frequency allocation","level":2,"score":0.39730000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16021271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17152552","display_name":"Power domains","level":3,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114237682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072483","display_name":"Channel allocation schemes","level":3,"score":0.28780001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192220659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1245659","display_name":"Universal Software Radio Peripheral","level":3,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25929999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650426","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650426","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5428895950317383,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573449042","https://openalex.org/W1690504809","https://openalex.org/W1901462474","https://openalex.org/W2009659179","https://openalex.org/W2032423841","https://openalex.org/W2063034999","https://openalex.org/W2100675479","https://openalex.org/W2136816673","https://openalex.org/W2141860157","https://openalex.org/W2306862514","https://openalex.org/W2522847968","https://openalex.org/W2690196614","https://openalex.org/W2769456309","https://openalex.org/W2799857121","https://openalex.org/W2802495557","https://openalex.org/W2900452440","https://openalex.org/W2901716860","https://openalex.org/W2973751003","https://openalex.org/W2981587265","https://openalex.org/W3020140991","https://openalex.org/W3027993135","https://openalex.org/W3043091899","https://openalex.org/W3081051498","https://openalex.org/W3093033216","https://openalex.org/W3118919465","https://openalex.org/W3130235250","https://openalex.org/W3130609816","https://openalex.org/W3158219236","https://openalex.org/W3169385106","https://openalex.org/W3171294258","https://openalex.org/W3176114306","https://openalex.org/W3192220534","https://openalex.org/W3196036343","https://openalex.org/W3204126064","https://openalex.org/W3204824232","https://openalex.org/W3216069328","https://openalex.org/W4234585325","https://openalex.org/W4247872685","https://openalex.org/W4285300455","https://openalex.org/W4285731779","https://openalex.org/W4292387474","https://openalex.org/W4294811363","https://openalex.org/W4297972236","https://openalex.org/W4311413240","https://openalex.org/W4323338537","https://openalex.org/W4362513734","https://openalex.org/W4383746438","https://openalex.org/W4384787399","https://openalex.org/W4386553355","https://openalex.org/W4389296293","https://openalex.org/W4399768123","https://openalex.org/W4400228594","https://openalex.org/W4400488067","https://openalex.org/W4402218703","https://openalex.org/W4404339973","https://openalex.org/W4405552175","https://openalex.org/W4408358748","https://openalex.org/W4413267734"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spectrum":[0],"efficiency,":[1],"spectrum":[2,32,40,57,81,84,96,114,120,144],"sensing":[3,41,82,115,174],"(SS)":[4],"and":[5,42,70,87,94,106,116,137,157,162,233,242],"sharing":[6,33,85,97,121],"are":[7,52],"core":[8],"requirements":[9],"of":[10,19,30,92,143,152,184,216,226,247],"a":[11,108,117,167,231,243],"reliable":[12],"communication":[13],"network":[14,128],"to":[15,54,64,180,204,221],"maximize":[16],"the":[17,20,28,56,73,90,99,150,155,182,205,210,214,227,239],"utilization":[18],"scarce":[21],"radio":[22],"frequency":[23],"spectrum.":[24],"This":[25,103,146],"research":[26],"advances":[27],"development":[29],"efficient":[31],"techniques":[34],"in":[35,125],"CRN":[36],"by":[37],"integrating":[38],"cooperative":[39,113],"power":[43,161],"domain":[44],"non-orthogonal":[45],"multiple":[46,130],"access":[47],"(PD-NOMA).":[48],"As":[49],"wireless":[50],"systems":[51],"expected":[53],"utilize":[55],"resources":[58],"efficiently,":[59],"they":[60],"must":[61],"be":[62],"able":[63],"mitigate":[65],"interference":[66],"with":[67,159,218],"primary":[68],"users":[69,132],"operate":[71],"within":[72],"required":[74],"throughput":[75,236],"levels.":[76],"Existing":[77],"works":[78],"consider":[79],"either":[80],"or":[83],"separately,":[86],"often":[88],"ignore":[89],"effect":[91],"cooperation":[93],"hybrid":[95,118,147],"on":[98,141,213],"overall":[100],"system":[101],"performance.":[102],"work":[104],"presents":[105],"evaluates":[107],"novel":[109],"framework":[110],"that":[111,176],"combines":[112,149],"interweave-underlay":[119],"mode":[122,148],"for":[123,209],"application":[124],"IoT-CRN.":[126],"The":[127,164,186,199,224],"features":[129,166],"cognitive":[131],"(CUs)":[133],"switching":[134],"between":[135],"interweave":[136],"underlay":[138],"modes":[139],"depending":[140],"availability":[142,183,215],"holes.":[145,185],"advantages":[151],"opportunistically":[153],"accessing":[154],"channel":[156,172,188],"transmitting":[158],"controlled":[160],"interference.":[163],"model":[165,170,229],"Gaussian":[168],"mixture":[169],"(GMM)-based":[171],"estimator":[173],"mechanism":[175],"enables":[177],"individual":[178],"CUs":[179],"determine":[181],"formulated":[187],"occupancy":[189,200],"problem":[190],"is":[191,201],"evaluated":[192],"using":[193],"adaptive":[194],"particle":[195],"swarm":[196],"optimization":[197],"(PSO).":[198],"cooperatively":[202],"shared":[203],"fusion":[206],"center":[207],"(FC)":[208],"final":[211],"decision":[212],"PUs":[217],"penalties":[219],"applied":[220],"misbehaving":[222],"CUs.":[223],"results":[225],"proposed":[228],"show":[230],"28%":[232],"35%":[234],"better":[235],"performance":[237],"than":[238],"existing":[240],"models":[241],"15%":[244],"higher":[245],"probability":[246],"detection":[248],"while":[249],"accommodating":[250],"different":[251],"CU":[252],"traffic.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-01-10T23:39:48.068659","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}
