{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117897547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650226","title":"Design and Evaluation of AI-Tuned Controllers for Three-Phase EV Charging Stations in Renewable Energy Grids","display_name":"Design and Evaluation of AI-Tuned Controllers for Three-Phase EV Charging Stations in Renewable Energy Grids","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117897547","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650226","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085721717","display_name":"Ozan G\u00fcl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-2992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143910747","display_name":"TH Bingen University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxkj057","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143910747"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozan G\u00fcl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1724-2992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical-Electronics Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143910747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121733634","display_name":"Jose L. Dominguez Garcia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128520","display_name":"Institut de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya","ror":"https://ror.org/03b6f4629","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128520","https://openalex.org/I4387153040"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose Luis Dominguez Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Group of Power Systems, Fundació Institut de Recerca en l’Energia de Catalunya (IREC), Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0483-995X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Group of Power Systems, Fundació Institut de Recerca en l’Energia de Catalunya (IREC), Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128520"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00829945,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"4970","last_page":"4989"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.7408000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.7408000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.05609999969601631,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.0544000007212162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-harmonic-distortion","display_name":"Total harmonic distortion","score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5716999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/settling-time","display_name":"Settling time","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.37119999527931213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42156128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162641","display_name":"Total harmonic distortion","level":3,"score":0.7354999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6643000245094299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5716999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14781684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3983320","display_name":"Settling time","level":3,"score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.5392000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5023999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.37119999527931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40760162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920295","display_name":"Voltage droop","level":4,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3626999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127934551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148098","display_name":"Harmonic","level":2,"score":0.35359999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.32919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77715397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931447","display_name":"Electrical load","level":3,"score":0.28769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2849999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196226539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940752","display_name":"Voltage regulation","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186108316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352530","display_name":"Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system","level":4,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:1ff4257700d8480da973c3b86624fc75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/1ff4257700d8480da973c3b86624fc75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 14, Pp 4970-4989 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650226","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650226","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.860471248626709}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322626","display_name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9kkr77"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973183176","https://openalex.org/W1990421166","https://openalex.org/W1998038973","https://openalex.org/W2745022429","https://openalex.org/W2979982637","https://openalex.org/W3006500859","https://openalex.org/W3092305369","https://openalex.org/W3139299370","https://openalex.org/W3157620715","https://openalex.org/W3189694631","https://openalex.org/W4221025627","https://openalex.org/W4226101380","https://openalex.org/W4286445053","https://openalex.org/W4293851299","https://openalex.org/W4298363721","https://openalex.org/W4313484354","https://openalex.org/W4378841640","https://openalex.org/W4389166073","https://openalex.org/W4389175721","https://openalex.org/W4398249187","https://openalex.org/W4401906242","https://openalex.org/W4404238394","https://openalex.org/W4405843335","https://openalex.org/W4406782401","https://openalex.org/W4408017254","https://openalex.org/W4411369138","https://openalex.org/W4412375073","https://openalex.org/W4412518006","https://openalex.org/W4414206761","https://openalex.org/W4415797293"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,22,102,106,112],"comprehensive":[4],"study":[5,100],"on":[6,50],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"(AI)-based":[9],"tuning":[10,61],"of":[11,39,72,152,202],"conventional":[12],"PI,":[13],"PID,":[14,185],"and":[15,41,56,86,121,137,162,177,184,192],"fractional-order":[16,91],"PI/PID":[17],"(FOPI/FOPID)":[18],"controllers":[19,92,124,172],"applied":[20],"to":[21,181],"three-phase":[23,107],"inverter":[24,51],"supplying":[25],"an":[26],"electric":[27],"vehicle":[28],"(EV)":[29],"charging":[30,44,95,208],"station.":[31],"The":[32,99,197],"motivation":[33],"arises":[34],"from":[35],"the":[36,70,123,189,200],"increasing":[37],"penetration":[38],"EVs":[40],"their":[42],"dynamic":[43,175],"profiles,":[45],"which":[46],"impose":[47],"significant":[48],"challenges":[49],"control,":[52],"including":[53],"voltage":[54,153],"regulation":[55],"harmonic":[57,159,178],"suppression.":[58],"While":[59],"classical":[60],"methods":[62,74],"such":[63,75],"as":[64,76],"Bode-based":[65],"approaches":[66],"are":[67],"well":[68],"studied,":[69],"application":[71],"AI":[73],"Artificial":[77],"Neural":[78],"Networks":[79],"(ANN),":[80],"Adaptive":[81],"Neuro-Fuzzy":[82],"Inference":[83],"System":[84],"(ANFIS),":[85],"Reinforcement":[87],"Learning":[88],"(RL)":[89],"for":[90,205],"in":[93,150],"EV":[94,108,131,141,207],"scenarios":[96],"remains":[97],"underexplored.":[98],"uses":[101],"MATLAB/Simulink":[103],"model":[104],"representing":[105],"load":[109,129,134,139],"(modelled":[110],"after":[111],"22":[113],"kW":[114],"Renault":[115],"Zoe":[116],"with":[117,143,186],"balanced":[118],"3-phase":[119],"demand),":[120],"tests":[122],"under":[125],"three":[126],"scenarios:":[127],"step":[128],"(clustered":[130],"arrivals),":[132],"ramp":[133],"(gradual":[135],"charging),":[136],"stochastic":[138],"(Poisson-distributed":[140],"arrivals":[142],"normally":[144],"distributed":[145],"durations).":[146],"Performance":[147],"is":[148],"evaluated":[149],"terms":[151],"response,":[154],"overshoot,":[155],"settling":[156],"time,":[157],"total":[158],"distortion":[160],"(THD),":[161],"error":[163],"metrics":[164],"(ISE,":[165],"R\u00b2).":[166],"Results":[167],"demonstrate":[168],"that":[169],"AI-tuned":[170,182],"FOPID":[171],"achieve":[173],"superior":[174],"performance":[176],"suppression":[179],"compared":[180],"PI":[183],"ANFIS":[187],"providing":[188],"best":[190],"accuracy":[191],"RL":[193],"offering":[194],"faster":[195],"convergence.":[196],"findings":[198],"highlight":[199],"potential":[201],"AI-enhanced":[203],"control":[204],"next-generation":[206],"stations":[209],"integrated":[210],"into":[211],"smart":[212],"grids.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}