{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117893890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650068","title":"Back Flash Overvoltage Damages All DC/AC Converters in Photovoltaic Systems","display_name":"Back Flash Overvoltage Damages All DC/AC Converters in Photovoltaic Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117893890","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650068"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650068","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121719041","display_name":"O. P\u00e9rez Baluja","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Osmel P\u00e9rez Baluja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121718510","display_name":"Bernardo Y. Le\u00f3n \u00c1vila","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernardo Y. Le\u00f3n \u00c1vila","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009025978","display_name":"Carlos Garc\u00eda-V\u00e1zquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4697-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos A. Garc\u00eda V\u00e1zquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121748687","display_name":"D. T. Cotfas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel T. Cotfas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121735519","display_name":"P. A. Cotfas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Petru A. Cotfas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computers, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Bra&#x015F;ov, Bra&#x015F;ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121719041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.03725563,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"2463","last_page":"2485"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10787","display_name":"Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overvoltage","display_name":"Overvoltage","score":0.8246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6621000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/converters","display_name":"Converters","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground","display_name":"Ground","score":0.6194999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inrush-current","display_name":"Inrush current","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surge-arrester","display_name":"Surge arrester","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.3921999931335449}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15703209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333883","display_name":"Overvoltage","level":3,"score":0.8246999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6621000170707703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778422915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10302051","display_name":"Converters","level":3,"score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168993435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501125","display_name":"Ground","level":2,"score":0.6194999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.6129999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23340480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358932","display_name":"Inrush current","level":4,"score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179087008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14190856","display_name":"Surge arrester","level":3,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4074000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47949032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663542","display_name":"Overcurrent","level":3,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.33649998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58289394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465115","display_name":"Varistor","level":3,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.30379998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178911571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593143","display_name":"Power electronics","level":3,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.29179999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780685028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096907","display_name":"Grid connection","level":3,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105161833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5530572","display_name":"Lightning arrester","level":2,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95023266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55738334","display_name":"Series and parallel circuits","level":3,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154108245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287381","display_name":"Surge","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3650068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3650068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4968891739845276,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1481924192","https://openalex.org/W1895405133","https://openalex.org/W1919023519","https://openalex.org/W1964096261","https://openalex.org/W2011485458","https://openalex.org/W2014368221","https://openalex.org/W2052742489","https://openalex.org/W2059775966","https://openalex.org/W2059819524","https://openalex.org/W2112673735","https://openalex.org/W2125511666","https://openalex.org/W2135639845","https://openalex.org/W2146419931","https://openalex.org/W2151679912","https://openalex.org/W2155069847","https://openalex.org/W2155484307","https://openalex.org/W2179088243","https://openalex.org/W2206037398","https://openalex.org/W2335028215","https://openalex.org/W2341183252","https://openalex.org/W2564165921","https://openalex.org/W2586606568","https://openalex.org/W2774808380","https://openalex.org/W2795975941","https://openalex.org/W2810628826","https://openalex.org/W2883385214","https://openalex.org/W2898155407","https://openalex.org/W2899891429","https://openalex.org/W2905207378","https://openalex.org/W2911423917","https://openalex.org/W2932091902","https://openalex.org/W2966787298","https://openalex.org/W2970144199","https://openalex.org/W2970866502","https://openalex.org/W3010374740","https://openalex.org/W3026154371","https://openalex.org/W3058602594","https://openalex.org/W3199291500","https://openalex.org/W3199383892","https://openalex.org/W4206555445","https://openalex.org/W4210824775","https://openalex.org/W4309263392","https://openalex.org/W4309264313","https://openalex.org/W4309400350","https://openalex.org/W4310172996","https://openalex.org/W4312771333","https://openalex.org/W4318777715","https://openalex.org/W4384833601","https://openalex.org/W4385574575","https://openalex.org/W4392094984","https://openalex.org/W4401015316"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,30,138],"research":[1,53,139],"addresses":[2],"real":[3],"faults":[4,13],"in":[5,9,15,21,33,126,134,142,149,219,225],"photovoltaic":[6],"(PV)":[7],"systems":[8,35],"Cuba,":[10],"as":[11,156],"these":[12,108],"result":[14],"damage":[16,201],"to":[17,37,145,166,191,202,223,237],"all":[18],"converters,":[19,82],"whether":[20],"operation":[22],"or":[23],"not,":[24],"when":[25],"atmospheric":[26],"discharge":[27],"strikes":[28],"nearby.":[29],"phenomenon":[31,56,148],"occurs":[32],"PV":[34,66,78,136,150,210,226],"connected":[36,165],"the":[38,49,55,62,115,118,123,129,135,163,180,185,198,203,209,238,241],"grid":[39],"through":[40],"a":[41,91,100,111,192,232],"power":[42],"transformer":[43,182],"with":[44,81,231],"an":[45,95],"ungrounded":[46],"connection":[47,183,195],"on":[48,114,184],"converter":[50,189],"side.":[51],"The":[52,103,175,212,228],"examines":[54],"of":[57,65,117,200,208,234,240],"impulsive":[58,96],"overvoltages":[59,109],"originating":[60],"from":[61],"grounding":[63,92],"system":[64,79],"installations":[67],"after":[68],"lightning.":[69],"A":[70],"simplified":[71],"model":[72,176],"was":[73],"created":[74],"using":[75],"MATLAB/Simulink,":[76],"encompassing":[77],"devices":[80,85,133,164],"surge":[83],"protection":[84],"(SPDs),":[86],"metal":[87],"oxide":[88],"varistors":[89],"(MOVs),":[90],"system,":[93],"and":[94,120,131,170,205],"overvoltage":[97,159],"source":[98],"simulating":[99],"lightning":[101],"strike.":[102],"simulation":[104],"results":[105],"suggest":[106],"that":[107,178],"have":[110],"detrimental":[112],"effect":[113],"coordination":[116],"SPDs":[119],"MOVs":[121],"inside":[122],"inverter,":[124],"which":[125],"turn":[127],"damages":[128],"inverter":[130,204],"other":[132,206],"system.":[137,211],"is":[140],"pioneering":[141],"its":[143],"approach":[144],"addressing":[146],"this":[147,154],"systems,":[151],"characterized":[152],"by":[153],"study":[155],"back":[157],"flash":[158],"(BFO).":[160],"BFO":[161,213],"impacts":[162],"direct":[167],"current":[168,172],"(DC)":[169],"alternating":[171],"(AC)":[173],"branches.":[174],"demonstrates":[177],"modifying":[179],"output":[181],"low-voltage":[186],"side":[187],"(the":[188],"side)":[190],"grounded":[193],"star":[194],"significantly":[196],"reduces":[197],"occurrence":[199],"components":[207],"has":[214],"not":[215],"been":[216],"adequately":[217],"addressed":[218],"international":[220],"standards":[221],"pertaining":[222,236],"safety":[224],"installations.":[227],"paper":[229],"concludes":[230],"series":[233],"recommendations":[235],"implementation":[239],"proposed":[242],"solution.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2026-01-01T00:00:00"}
