{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117244761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3648339","title":"Cybersecurity Enhancement in Digital Substations: Hidden Markov Model-Based Smart Cyber Switching and Threat Response","display_name":"Cybersecurity Enhancement in Digital Substations: Hidden Markov Model-Based Smart Cyber Switching and Threat Response","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117244761","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3648339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3648339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3648339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3648339","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009520299","display_name":"Mansi Girdhar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3672-8955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mansi Girdhar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121244998","display_name":"Kuchan Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kuchan Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121255170","display_name":"Wencong Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wencong Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092698462","display_name":"Junho Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130704","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Dearborn","ror":"https://ror.org/035wtm547","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junho Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Michigan–Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114240228","display_name":"Chen-Ching Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen-Ching Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009520299"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130704"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62064964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"217022","last_page":"217037"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9516000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9516000151634216,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.5845999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-tolerance","display_name":"Intrusion tolerance","score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6897000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6603000164031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6144000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.5845999717712402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.46560001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196903269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6059063","display_name":"Intrusion tolerance","level":3,"score":0.3917999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.3425999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168160","display_name":"IEC 61850","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.3310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62555980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460420","display_name":"Emergency management","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985105721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479512","display_name":"Incident response","level":2,"score":0.29339998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.2865999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018725008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber threats","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.2727999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116188536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17118377","display_name":"Swift","level":2,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.2540000081062317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3648339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3648339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9597ef85226b44af8440465b93048635","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9597ef85226b44af8440465b93048635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 217022-217037 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3648339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3648339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6562228202819824,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8496747098","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-CR0000021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,55,165],"rising":[1],"incidence":[2],"of":[3,19,46,167],"cyber-attacks":[4],"on":[5,120,149],"critical":[6],"infrastructure":[7],"and":[8,17,50,68,83,107,116,126,143,177],"power":[9],"grids":[10],"poses":[11],"significant":[12],"threats":[13],"to":[14,88,102,104,114,154,159,186],"the":[15,44,92,134,156,163,183],"stability":[16],"reliability":[18],"electrical":[20],"substations,":[21],"with":[22],"potentially":[23],"devastating":[24],"consequences":[25],"such":[26],"as":[27],"extended":[28],"blackouts.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"introduces":[32],"an":[33,108],"advanced":[34],"cybersecurity":[35,85,170],"framework":[36,58,90],"aimed":[37],"at":[38],"safeguarding":[39],"IEC":[40,121],"61850-based":[41,122],"substations":[42],"through":[43,174],"integration":[45],"software-defined":[47],"networking":[48],"(SDN)":[49],"digital":[51,151],"twin":[52],"(DT)":[53],"technologies.":[54],"proposed":[56],"DT-based":[57],"employs":[59],"smart":[60],"cyber":[61],"switching":[62],"(SCS)":[63],"for":[64,74],"proactive":[65],"threat":[66],"mitigation":[67],"concurrent":[69],"intelligent":[70],"electronic":[71],"device":[72],"(CIED)":[73],"swift":[75],"system":[76,111],"restoration,":[77],"thereby":[78],"maintaining":[79],"continuous":[80],"operational":[81],"integrity":[82],"robust":[84],"defenses.":[86],"Central":[87],"this":[89],"is":[91,147,172],"adaptive":[93],"port":[94,100],"controller":[95],"(APC),":[96],"which":[97],"enables":[98],"dynamic":[99],"management":[101],"adapt":[103],"evolving":[105],"threats,":[106],"intrusion":[109,141],"detection":[110,142],"(IDS)":[112],"designed":[113],"detect":[115],"neutralize":[117],"malicious":[118],"attacks":[119],"sampled":[123],"value":[124],"(SV)":[125],"generic":[127],"object-oriented":[128],"substation":[129,152,188],"event":[130],"(GOOSE)":[131],"messages":[132],"within":[133],"substation\u2019s":[135],"communication":[136],"network.":[137],"Further,":[138],"novel":[139],"predictive":[140],"response":[144],"(PIDR)":[145],"algorithm":[146],"implemented":[148],"a":[150,178],"(DS)":[153],"predict":[155],"best":[157],"route":[158],"be":[160],"taken":[161],"by":[162],"attacker.":[164],"efficacy":[166],"these":[168],"comprehensive":[169],"frameworks":[171],"validated":[173],"rigorous":[175],"simulations":[176],"hardware-in-the-loop":[179],"(HIL)":[180],"testbed,":[181],"showcasing":[182],"system\u2019s":[184],"ability":[185],"sustain":[187],"operations":[189],"amidst":[190],"cyber-attacks.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-25T00:00:00"}