{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417438660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3645058","title":"Intrusion Detection Systems for In-Vehicle Networks: Protocols, Applications, and Challenges","display_name":"Intrusion Detection Systems for In-Vehicle Networks: Protocols, Applications, and Challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417438660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3645058"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3645058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3645058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3645058","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011729764","display_name":"Junaid Ahmad Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7211-4646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junaid Ahmad Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7211-4646","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101660547","display_name":"Muhammad Asif Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2925-8841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092118","display_name":"Qatar Mobility Innovations Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00dgyys91","country_code":"QA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210092118"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Asif Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qatar Mobility Innovations Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2925-8841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qatar Mobility Innovations Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092118","https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120836575","display_name":"Nasir Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6396-6499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasir Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","United Arab Emirates University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Arab Emirates University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104052052","display_name":"Pierre Louis Cayrel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210085887","display_name":"Laboratoire Hubert Curien","ror":"https://ror.org/0028p8r67","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100532134","https://openalex.org/I112936343","https://openalex.org/I113428412","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I203339264","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210085887","https://openalex.org/I4210091746","https://openalex.org/I4210095849","https://openalex.org/I4405259976","https://openalex.org/I4405259976","https://openalex.org/I4405263940","https://openalex.org/I48430043","https://openalex.org/I59692284"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86767153","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Jean Monnet","ror":"https://ror.org/04yznqr36","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86767153"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pierre-Louis Cayrel","raw_affiliation_strings":["CNRS, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France","CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6708-868X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Institut d’Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86767153","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210085887"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CNRS, Institut d Optique Graduate School, Laboratoire Hubert Curien, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86767153","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210085887"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034253038","display_name":"Changhee Hahn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-0411"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changhee Hahn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-0411","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.033,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80826779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"215219","last_page":"215250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.8950999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.8950999975204468,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.01510000042617321,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.014399999752640724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6995000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-control-system","display_name":"Industrial control system","score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3885999917984009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6995000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.6158000230789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40071531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2513962","display_name":"Industrial control system","level":3,"score":0.5296000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506615639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21662260","display_name":"Command and control","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.29319998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27061796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion prevention system","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3645058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3645058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05462292v1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://inria.hal.science/hal-05462292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, 2025, 13, pp.215219-215250. ⟨10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3645058⟩","raw_type":"Journal articles"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3645058","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3645058","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6422443097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00244079","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321294","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In-vehicle":[0],"networks":[1],"(IVNs)":[2],"connect":[3],"numerous":[4],"sensors,":[5],"processors,":[6],"and":[7,36,42,68,118,129,151,154,176],"Electronic":[8],"Control":[9],"Units":[10],"(ECUs)":[11],"to":[12,59,113],"enable":[13],"real-time":[14],"communication,":[15],"but":[16],"their":[17],"growing":[18],"complexity":[19],"has":[20],"amplified":[21],"cybersecurity":[22],"concerns.":[23],"The":[24],"Controller":[25],"Area":[26],"Network":[27],"(CAN)":[28],"bus,":[29,140],"along":[30],"with":[31,79],"its":[32,114],"variants":[33],"CAN-FD,":[34],"CAN-XL,":[35],"complementary":[37],"protocols":[38,51],"such":[39,164],"as":[40,165],"LIN":[41],"FlexRay,":[43],"remains":[44],"the":[45,61,138],"backbone":[46],"of":[47,65,107,137],"IVNs.":[48,182],"However,":[49],"these":[50],"(the":[52],"CAN":[53,139],"specifically)":[54],"were":[55],"not":[56],"originally":[57],"designed":[58],"meet":[60],"stringent":[62],"security":[63,77,135],"demands":[64],"emerging":[66],"autonomous":[67],"electric":[69],"vehicles.":[70],"This":[71],"survey":[72,103],"critically":[73],"examines":[74],"existing":[75],"IVN":[76],"literature":[78],"a":[80,105],"particular":[81],"focus":[82],"on":[83,122],"intrusion":[84],"detection":[85],"systems":[86],"(IDS)":[87],"developed":[88],"for":[89],"CAN-based":[90,111],"architectures.":[91],"Unlike":[92],"prior":[93],"reviews":[94],"that":[95],"emphasize":[96],"algorithmic":[97],"design":[98],"or":[99],"attack":[100],"taxonomy,":[101],"this":[102],"provides":[104],"comparison":[106],"IDS":[108],"approaches":[109],"(typically":[110],"due":[112],"dominance":[115],"in":[116],"industry":[117],"research":[119,162],"domain)":[120],"based":[121],"physical-layer":[123],"features,":[124],"statistical":[125],"parameters,":[126],"information":[127],"theory,":[128],"learning-based":[130],"methods.":[131],"We":[132],"highlight":[133],"unresolved":[134],"limitations":[136],"synthesize":[141],"mitigation":[142],"strategies":[143],"across":[144],"industrial":[145],"domains":[146],"(automotive,":[147],"aerospace,":[148],"marine,":[149],"agricultural,":[150],"battery":[152],"systems),":[153],"identify":[155],"overlooked":[156],"challenges.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"we":[159],"outline":[160],"key":[161],"frontiers,":[163],"hardware-assisted":[166],"protection,":[167],"edge":[168],"intelligence,":[169],"blockchainbased":[170],"authentication,":[171],"generative":[172],"AI-driven":[173],"anomaly":[174],"detection,":[175],"quantum-safe":[177],"cryptography\u2014toward":[178],"building":[179],"resilient":[180],"next-generation":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T17:40:00.097472","created_date":"2025-12-17T00:00:00"}