{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417337100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3644453","title":"OTDR Aided Assessment of Fiber-Induced WDM Spectrum Unflatness","display_name":"OTDR Aided Assessment of Fiber-Induced WDM Spectrum Unflatness","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417337100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3644453"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3644453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3644453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3644453","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049835227","display_name":"Adriana Lipovac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-1080"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180629606","display_name":"University of Dubrovnik","ror":"https://ror.org/05yptqp13","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180629606"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adriana Lipovac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia","Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Ć. Carića 4, Dubrovnik, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9774-1080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180629606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Ć. Carića 4, Dubrovnik, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180629606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019760843","display_name":"Vlatko Lipovac","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7390-0240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180629606","display_name":"University of Dubrovnik","ror":"https://ror.org/05yptqp13","country_code":"HR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180629606"]}],"countries":["HR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vlatko Lipovac","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia","Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Ć. Carića 4, Dubrovnik, Croatia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7390-0240","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180629606"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing, University of Dubrovnik, Ć. Carića 4, Dubrovnik, Croatia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180629606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090617089","display_name":"Mirza Hamza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-232X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104817121","display_name":"University of Sarajevo","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwgd43","country_code":"BA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}],"countries":["BA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mirza Hamza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1084-232X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064896371","display_name":"Miralem Mehi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2697-1756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104817121","display_name":"University of Sarajevo","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwgd43","country_code":"BA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}],"countries":["BA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miralem Mehi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104817121"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33697665,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"213547","last_page":"213555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.6434000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.6434000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.14000000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10767","display_name":"Advanced Photonic Communication Systems","score":0.10809999704360962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-time-domain-reflectometer","display_name":"Optical time-domain reflectometer","score":0.8270999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength-division-multiplexing","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","score":0.8025000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-fiber","display_name":"Optical fiber","score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplexing","display_name":"Multiplexing","score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispersion-shifted-fiber","display_name":"Dispersion-shifted fiber","score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attenuation","display_name":"Attenuation","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-sensor","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiber-optic-communication","display_name":"Fiber-optic communication","score":0.39570000767707825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187327482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580729","display_name":"Optical time-domain reflectometer","level":5,"score":0.8270999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160724564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620670","display_name":"Wavelength-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.8025000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5192999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5131000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162","display_name":"Optical fiber","level":2,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.47609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6138904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282578","display_name":"Dispersion-shifted fiber","level":4,"score":0.44020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21651689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397427","display_name":"Fiber optic sensor","level":3,"score":0.3986999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86180272","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1529430","display_name":"Fiber-optic communication","level":5,"score":0.39570000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89061704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5555726","display_name":"Frequency-division multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101645829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781857","display_name":"Multi-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26840048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098880","display_name":"Optical performance monitoring","level":4,"score":0.3756999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778812306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275318","display_name":"Channel spacing","level":4,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45747243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209154","display_name":"Polarization-maintaining optical fiber","level":4,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101649071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1359305","display_name":"Optical amplifier","level":3,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146199129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5446365","display_name":"Fiber optic splitter","level":4,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519885992","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161","display_name":"Fiber","level":2,"score":0.3328999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180861198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503585","display_name":"Single-mode optical fiber","level":3,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81299745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334269","display_name":"Transfer function","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203637571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812875","display_name":"Plastic optical fiber","level":4,"score":0.2842999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45613198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134091","display_name":"Optical filter","level":2,"score":0.27239999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20788544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467054","display_name":"Photonics","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43091971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1397391","display_name":"Fiber Bragg grating","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113608303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056835","display_name":"Transmission system","level":3,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40409654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375889","display_name":"Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3644453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3644453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3644453","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3644453","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1932200615","https://openalex.org/W1970455145","https://openalex.org/W1999497846","https://openalex.org/W2046871260","https://openalex.org/W2047612605","https://openalex.org/W2124402531","https://openalex.org/W2152880684","https://openalex.org/W2460771661","https://openalex.org/W2501369470","https://openalex.org/W2888918761","https://openalex.org/W2962453814","https://openalex.org/W3021705617","https://openalex.org/W3089147653","https://openalex.org/W3110815790","https://openalex.org/W3201141008","https://openalex.org/W3210108250","https://openalex.org/W4285144029","https://openalex.org/W4364305170","https://openalex.org/W4399426562"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"imperatively":[1],"excellent":[2],"performance":[3,190],"of":[4,29,36,78,93,108,129,177],"wavelength-division":[5],"multiplexing":[6,139],"(WDM)":[7],"transmission":[8,189],"over":[9],"a":[10,30,48,61],"fiber":[11,32,95,110,118,149],"optic":[12],"link,":[13,33],"demands":[14],"flat,":[15],"i.e.":[16,163],"not":[17],"wavelength-selective":[18],"transfer":[19,131],"function.":[20],"This":[21,179],"implies":[22],"that,":[23],"mostly":[24],"during":[25],"installation":[26],"and":[27,63,201],"commissioning":[28],"WDM-aimed":[31],"it":[34],"is":[35,71,104],"interest":[37],"to":[38,182],"measure":[39],"its":[40,86],"frequency":[41,166],"response,":[42],"by":[43,76,133,186],"complex":[44],"stimulus-response":[45],"tests":[46],"using":[47],"tunable":[49],"laser":[50],"source":[51],"coupled":[52],"with":[53,200],"an":[54],"optical":[55,81,136],"spectrum":[56,161],"analyzer.":[57],"On":[58],"the":[59,79,94,105,109,117,130,142,154,164,170,187,192,203],"contrary,":[60],"simple":[62],"practically":[64],"costless":[65],"alternative":[66],"that":[67],"we":[68],"propose":[69],"here,":[70],"testing":[72],"in":[73,197],"time":[74],"domain":[75],"means":[77],"ubiquitous":[80],"time-domain":[82],"reflectometer":[83],"(OTDR),":[84],"considering":[85],"distinctly":[87],"reflective":[88],"trace":[89],"pattern":[90],"as":[91,119],"approximation":[92],"channel":[96],"two-way":[97],"power-delay":[98],"profile,":[99],"whose":[100],"rms":[101],"delay":[102],"spread":[103],"straightforward":[106],"indicator":[107],"attenuation":[111],"vs.":[112],"wavelength":[113],"characteristics\u2019":[114],"unflatness":[115],"qualifying":[116],"either":[120],"appropriate":[121],"for":[122,172],"WDM":[123,147,188],"transport,":[124],"or":[125],"requiring":[126],"piecewise":[127],"\u201cflattening\u201d":[128],"function":[132],"applying":[134],"coherent":[135],"orthogonal":[137],"frequency-division":[138],"(CO-OFDM).":[140],"Specifically,":[141],"proposed":[143],"OTDR":[144],"\u2013":[145,191],"aided":[146],"suitability":[148],"test":[150],"model":[151],"applied":[152],"on":[153,175],"exemplar":[155],"traces,":[156],"showed":[157],"significant":[158],"peak-to-peak":[159],"DWDM":[160],"unflatness,":[162],"pronounced":[165],"selectivity":[167],"strongly":[168],"indicating":[169],"need":[171],"introducing":[173],"CO-OFDM":[174,204],"top":[176],"WDM.":[178],"was":[180],"found":[181],"be":[183],"monotonically":[184],"tracked":[185],"bit-error":[193],"rate":[194],"(BER)":[195],"values":[196],"particular,":[198],"measured":[199],"without":[202],"applied.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-12-15T00:00:00"}