{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417284386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643616","title":"A Large-Scale Benchmark on Geological Fault Delineation Models: Domain Shift, Training Dynamics, Generalizability, Evaluation, and Inferential Behavior","display_name":"A Large-Scale Benchmark on Geological Fault Delineation Models: Domain Shift, Training Dynamics, Generalizability, Evaluation, and Inferential Behavior","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417284386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643616"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3643616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643616","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069617607","display_name":"Jorge R. Quesada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-0691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Quesada","raw_affiliation_strings":["OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0438-0691","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382821","display_name":"Zhou Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8250-0265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038203465","display_name":"Prithwijit Chowdhury","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prithwijit Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2187-8217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Alotaibi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101543745","display_name":"Ahmad Mustafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8308-6019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1323252656","display_name":"Information Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ngv8j44","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Mustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","Information Technology University, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8308-6019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology University, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1323252656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107673198","display_name":"Yusufjon Kumakov","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020809043","display_name":"Tashkent State Technical University named after Islam Karimov","ror":"https://ror.org/01bmg2a15","country_code":"UZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020809043"]}],"countries":["UZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusufjon Kumakov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan","Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tashkent State Technical University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020809043"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tashkent State Technical University, Uzbekistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020809043"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010958338","display_name":"Mohit Prabhushankar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-7058"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Prabhushankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-7058","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006145139","display_name":"Ghassan AlRegib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-8001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghassan AlRegib","raw_affiliation_strings":["OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6818-8001","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"OLIVES at the Georgia Institute of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":3.5175,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93841201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"215110","last_page":"215131"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.17630000412464142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13018","display_name":"Seismology and Earthquake Studies","score":0.17630000412464142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.1657000035047531,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.13779999315738678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.761900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.7174999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.652899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseline","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4075999855995178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8179000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.761900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.7174999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.652899980545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5958999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5486000180244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5149000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.46309998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.412200003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.3912999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.37529999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.361299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30673951","display_name":"Labeled data","level":2,"score":0.29809999465942383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67226441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665389","display_name":"Robust statistics","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2533000111579895}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3643616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3643616","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643616","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309321","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":125,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W571381952","https://openalex.org/W845365781","https://openalex.org/W1501087793","https://openalex.org/W1602601224","https://openalex.org/W1731081199","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2024302277","https://openalex.org/W2031342017","https://openalex.org/W2040780298","https://openalex.org/W2107105977","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2116369243","https://openalex.org/W2144594884","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2276518102","https://openalex.org/W2293081749","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2511125399","https://openalex.org/W2556080755","https://openalex.org/W2557406251","https://openalex.org/W2560647685","https://openalex.org/W2734349601","https://openalex.org/W2746757980","https://openalex.org/W2755556993","https://openalex.org/W2787091153","https://openalex.org/W2794361670","https://openalex.org/W2805999439","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2887057695","https://openalex.org/W2888014493","https://openalex.org/W2889896795","https://openalex.org/W2891170608","https://openalex.org/W2892074823","https://openalex.org/W2897009419","https://openalex.org/W2898234423","https://openalex.org/W2899699175","https://openalex.org/W2902661482","https://openalex.org/W2903950532","https://openalex.org/W2911424749","https://openalex.org/W2917129331","https://openalex.org/W2947853264","https://openalex.org/W2948473599","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2962914239","https://openalex.org/W2963107255","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963941635","https://openalex.org/W2964288524","https://openalex.org/W2966977996","https://openalex.org/W2967196803","https://openalex.org/W2968138506","https://openalex.org/W2969839555","https://openalex.org/W2970268874","https://openalex.org/W2987427063","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3016970897","https://openalex.org/W3035294798","https://openalex.org/W3090269356","https://openalex.org/W3091325523","https://openalex.org/W3091441825","https://openalex.org/W3091520774","https://openalex.org/W3091680105","https://openalex.org/W3096437212","https://openalex.org/W3107947484","https://openalex.org/W3112495956","https://openalex.org/W3130794141","https://openalex.org/W3153344593","https://openalex.org/W3156297841","https://openalex.org/W3169279223","https://openalex.org/W3194428999","https://openalex.org/W3195386208","https://openalex.org/W3195951188","https://openalex.org/W3196639613","https://openalex.org/W3196737724","https://openalex.org/W3196959358","https://openalex.org/W3207136399","https://openalex.org/W4205715887","https://openalex.org/W4221155470","https://openalex.org/W4226171979","https://openalex.org/W4234871006","https://openalex.org/W4241071816","https://openalex.org/W4285182067","https://openalex.org/W4286906176","https://openalex.org/W4291718374","https://openalex.org/W4291754701","https://openalex.org/W4292387600","https://openalex.org/W4293298413","https://openalex.org/W4298005072","https://openalex.org/W4298110205","https://openalex.org/W4308236279","https://openalex.org/W4308238198","https://openalex.org/W4311404181","https://openalex.org/W4312995631","https://openalex.org/W4320018456","https://openalex.org/W4320712967","https://openalex.org/W4327966058","https://openalex.org/W4361214408","https://openalex.org/W4362467443","https://openalex.org/W4377235394","https://openalex.org/W4384204505","https://openalex.org/W4384937344","https://openalex.org/W4386241849","https://openalex.org/W4389721574","https://openalex.org/W4389767216","https://openalex.org/W4389767614","https://openalex.org/W4391094005","https://openalex.org/W4392207623","https://openalex.org/W4392509048","https://openalex.org/W4393406933","https://openalex.org/W4399399308","https://openalex.org/W4400149642","https://openalex.org/W4402904060","https://openalex.org/W4404962869","https://openalex.org/W4405517758","https://openalex.org/W4406113259","https://openalex.org/W4406458238","https://openalex.org/W4406754771","https://openalex.org/W4407134882","https://openalex.org/W4408564360","https://openalex.org/W4408747274","https://openalex.org/W4410527523","https://openalex.org/W4411041865","https://openalex.org/W4411042911","https://openalex.org/W4412081706"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,274],"has":[2],"taken":[3],"a":[4,31,45,224,245,285],"critical":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,12,60,75,83,108],"seismic":[8,42,109,277,297],"interpretation":[9,298],"workflows,":[10,260],"especially":[11,165],"fault":[13,229,258,293],"delineation":[14,259,294],"tasks.":[15],"However,":[16],"despite":[17],"the":[18,27,35,76,92,203,253,290],"recent":[19],"proliferation":[20],"of":[21,34,38,47,78,117,149,287,292],"pretrained":[22],"models":[23,40,82,177,234,275,295],"and":[24,50,63,67,80,102,121,129,135,142,168,174,212,261,271,281],"synthetic":[25],"datasets,":[26],"field":[28],"still":[29],"lacks":[30],"systematic":[32],"understanding":[33],"generalizability":[36],"limits":[37],"these":[39],"across":[41,124],"data":[43,57,65],"representing":[44],"variety":[46],"geologic,":[48],"acquisition":[49],"processing":[51],"settings.":[52,86],"Distributional":[53],"shifts":[54],"between":[55],"different":[56,239],"sources,":[58],"limitations":[59],"fine-tuning":[61,158,201],"strategies":[62,107,145],"labeled":[64],"accessibility,":[66],"inconsistent":[68],"evaluation":[69],"protocols":[70],"all":[71],"represent":[72],"major":[73],"roadblocks":[74],"deployment":[77,291],"reliable":[79],"robust":[81,185,246],"real-world":[84],"exploration":[85],"In":[87],"this":[88],"paper,":[89],"we":[90,192,218,243],"present":[91],"first":[93],"large-scale":[94],"benchmarking":[95],"study":[96],"explicitly":[97],"designed":[98],"to":[99,162,182,186,249,256],"provide":[100,250,284],"answers":[101],"guidelines":[103,288],"for":[104,266,276],"domain":[105,150,197],"shift":[106,205],"interpretation.":[110,278],"Our":[111,152],"benchmark":[112],"encompasses":[113],"over":[114],"200":[115],"combinations":[116],"model":[118],"architectures,":[119],"datasets":[120,127,170],"training":[122,144,240],"strategies,":[123],"three":[125],"diverse":[126],"(synthetic":[128],"real":[130],"data)":[131],"including":[132],"FaultSeg3D,":[133],"CRACKS,":[134],"Thebe.":[136],"We":[137],"systematically":[138],"assess":[139],"pretraining,":[140],"fine-tuning,":[141],"joint":[143],"under":[146],"varying":[147],"degrees":[148],"shift.":[151],"analysis":[153,226],"highlights":[154],"that":[155,175,195],"commonly":[156],"used":[157],"practices":[159],"can":[160],"lead":[161],"catastrophic":[163],"forgetting,":[164],"when":[166,202,210],"source":[167,211],"target":[169,213],"are":[171,215],"distributionally":[172],"disjoint,":[173],"larger":[176],"such":[178],"as":[179],"Segformer":[180],"tend":[181],"be":[183],"more":[184,268],"adaptation":[187,198],"than":[188],"smaller":[189],"architectures.":[190],"Interestingly,":[191],"also":[193],"find":[194],"common":[196],"methods":[199],"outperform":[200],"distributional":[204],"is":[206],"large,":[207],"yet":[208],"underperform":[209],"domains":[214],"similar.":[216],"Finally,":[217],"complement":[219],"conventional":[220],"segmentation":[221],"metrics":[222],"with":[223],"novel":[225],"based":[227],"on":[228,264,289],"characteristic":[230],"descriptors,":[231],"revealing":[232],"how":[233],"absorb":[235],"structural":[236],"biases":[237],"from":[238],"datasets.":[241],"Overall,":[242],"establish":[244],"experimental":[247],"baseline":[248],"insights":[251,280],"into":[252],"tradeoffs":[254],"inherent":[255],"current":[257],"shed":[262],"light":[263],"directions":[265],"developing":[267],"generalizable,":[269],"interpretable":[270],"effective":[272],"machine":[273],"The":[279],"analyses":[282],"reported":[283],"set":[286],"within":[296],"workflows.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-12T00:00:00"}
