{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7114785546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643370","title":"Reducing Hallucinations in Medical AI: A Knowledge Graph-Augmented Retrieval System for Evidence-Based Age-Related Macular Degeneration Information","display_name":"Reducing Hallucinations in Medical AI: A Knowledge Graph-Augmented Retrieval System for Evidence-Based Age-Related Macular Degeneration Information","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7114785546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643370"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3643370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643370","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Alexandru Lecu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0393-1897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandru Lecu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, AIRi@UTCN, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0393-1897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, AIRi@UTCN, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Adrian Groza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0143-5631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Groza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, AIRi@UTCN, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0143-5631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, AIRi@UTCN, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lezan Hawizy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-3135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118830","display_name":"Digital Science (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/02ktfc112","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112888","https://openalex.org/I4210118830"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lezan Hawizy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Science and Research Solutions Ltd., London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0932-3135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Science and Research Solutions Ltd., London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76253124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"210624","last_page":"210639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.49050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.49050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.04259999841451645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.035100001841783524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6195999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macular-degeneration","display_name":"Macular degeneration","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.4526999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-graph","display_name":"Knowledge graph","score":0.4120999872684479}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6195999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5033000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4832000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4584999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.4526999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.43160000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42739999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987255567","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33002955","display_name":"Knowledge graph","level":2,"score":0.4120999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983448237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Language understanding","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776187449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513879","display_name":"Natural language generation","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88230418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131476","display_name":"Graph theory","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59656382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191536","display_name":"Conjunction (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3643370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:affd2bd99c5348ce9396d19dd446da10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/affd2bd99c5348ce9396d19dd446da10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 210624-210639 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3643370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3643370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4514344334602356,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Large":[0],"language":[1,8,84],"models":[2,88,111,150,174],"(LLMs)":[3],"have":[4],"significantly":[5],"advanced":[6],"natural":[7],"generation":[9,35],"but":[10],"frequently":[11],"produce":[12],"unverified":[13],"outputs,":[14],"compromising":[15],"their":[16],"reliability":[17],"in":[18],"critical":[19],"medical":[20],"applications.":[21],"We":[22,78],"present":[23],"a":[24,54],"framework":[25,66],"that":[26,167],"combines":[27],"structured":[28],"biomedical":[29],"knowledge":[30,55,169],"with":[31,57,73,103],"LLMs":[32],"through":[33],"retrieval-augmented":[34],"to":[36,91,143,157,175],"address":[37],"this":[38],"challenge.":[39],"Our":[40,164],"system":[41],"automatically":[42],"extracts":[43],"causal":[44],"relationships":[45],"from":[46,89,141],"5,000":[47],"age-related":[48],"macular":[49],"degeneration":[50],"(AMD)":[51],"abstracts,":[52],"building":[53],"graph":[56],"over":[58],"43,200":[59],"validated":[60],"relations.":[61],"Using":[62],"vector-based":[63],"retrieval,":[64],"the":[65,133],"generates":[67],"contextually":[68],"relevant":[69],"and":[70,98,107],"verifiable":[71],"responses":[72],"direct":[74],"clinical":[75,191],"evidence":[76],"links.":[77],"evaluated":[79],"our":[80],"approach":[81],"across":[82],"eight":[83],"models,":[85,183],"including":[86],"open-source":[87],"1B":[90],"70B":[92],"parameters":[93],"(LLama,":[94],"Mistral,":[95],"Qwen,":[96],"SmolLM)":[97],"GPT-5-mini,":[99],"on":[100,121,136,146],"3,000":[101],"queries":[102],"varying":[104],"question":[105],"types":[106],"reasoning":[108],"complexity.":[109],"Smaller":[110],"(3B":[112],"parameters)":[113,152],"showed":[114,153],"substantial":[115],"improvements:":[116],"SmolLM3-3B":[117],"reached":[118],"95.6%":[119],"accuracy":[120,145],"single-hop":[122],"true/false":[123],"questions":[124],"(from":[125],"78.2%":[126],"baseline).":[127],"The":[128],"medium-scale":[129],"model":[130],"Mistral-7B":[131],"demonstrated":[132],"largest":[134],"gains":[135],"complex":[137],"multi-hop":[138],"reasoning,":[139],"improving":[140],"45%":[142],"76%":[144],"multiple-choice":[147],"questions.":[148],"Larger":[149],"(70B":[151],"minimal":[154],"improvement":[155],"due":[156],"already":[158],"high":[159],"baseline":[160],"performance":[161,177],"(97-98%":[162],"accuracy).":[163],"results":[165],"demonstrate":[166],"RAG-enhanced":[168],"graphs":[170],"enable":[171],"resource-efficient":[172],"smaller":[173],"achieve":[176],"levels":[178],"approaching":[179],"or":[180],"matching":[181],"larger":[182],"reducing":[184],"hallucinations":[185],"while":[186],"maintaining":[187],"computational":[188],"efficiency":[189],"for":[190],"deployment.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}
