{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4417130980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3641868","title":"SynthraXCoreNet: An Interpretable, Well-Calibrated Six-CNN Ensemble for Dermoscopic Skin-Lesion Classification","display_name":"SynthraXCoreNet: An Interpretable, Well-Calibrated Six-CNN Ensemble for Dermoscopic Skin-Lesion Classification","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4417130980","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3641868"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3641868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3641868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3641868","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101210611","display_name":"Muhammad Adeel Ajmal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3320-3897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197827452","display_name":"Institute of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmmzv45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Adeel Ajmal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109657217","display_name":"Madiha Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2890-3661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197827452","display_name":"Institute of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmmzv45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madiha Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032614257","display_name":"Syed Ali Irtaza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5979-4448"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197827452","display_name":"Institute of Space Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01tmmzv45","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Ali Irtaza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Space Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016380816","display_name":"Muhammad Rizwan Mughal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0660-2761"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47818738","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wq8zb47","country_code":"OM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}],"countries":["OM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rizwan Mughal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47818738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066650957","display_name":"Muhammad Nadeem Yousaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7979-8929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100923","display_name":"Munster Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/013xpqh61","country_code":"IE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Nadeem Yousaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Munster Technological University (MTU), Cork, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Munster Technological University (MTU), Cork, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100923"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101210611"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197827452"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53617021,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"6287","last_page":"6309"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11306","display_name":"Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Studies","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12355","display_name":"Genetic and rare skin diseases.","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5773000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting","display_name":"Voting","score":0.4521999955177307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7178000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6377999782562256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5773000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5507000088691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5202999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.47200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.4521999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153668964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27636","display_name":"Majority rule","level":2,"score":0.34860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132778050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2065430","display_name":"Weighted voting","level":4,"score":0.3262999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.30219998955726624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134261354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical inference","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3641868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3641868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3641868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3641868","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3017271885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IG/ENG/ECED/24/02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322573","funder_display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322573","display_name":"Sultan Qaboos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04wq8zb47"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1995875735","https://openalex.org/W2087962989","https://openalex.org/W2106578604","https://openalex.org/W2111854888","https://openalex.org/W2240067561","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2657631929","https://openalex.org/W2794825826","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963946669","https://openalex.org/W2979200397","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3035264434","https://openalex.org/W3133091557","https://openalex.org/W3156313549","https://openalex.org/W3157148855","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3216441523","https://openalex.org/W4200322801","https://openalex.org/W4210378587","https://openalex.org/W4210897777","https://openalex.org/W4214675061","https://openalex.org/W4224242326","https://openalex.org/W4224281177","https://openalex.org/W4232478844","https://openalex.org/W4243639737","https://openalex.org/W4283221352","https://openalex.org/W4285819605","https://openalex.org/W4285992128","https://openalex.org/W4289913112","https://openalex.org/W4294690817","https://openalex.org/W4297537493","https://openalex.org/W4298149876","https://openalex.org/W4306955476","https://openalex.org/W4307511304","https://openalex.org/W4309710748","https://openalex.org/W4312251513","https://openalex.org/W4316664434","https://openalex.org/W4318263565","https://openalex.org/W4362455386","https://openalex.org/W4387010555","https://openalex.org/W4387587551","https://openalex.org/W4391342316","https://openalex.org/W4399739169","https://openalex.org/W4404820398"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"skin":[1],"lesion":[2,125,138],"classification":[3],"is":[4,36,123,149,160,167,172,179,184,191,196,203,224],"hard":[5],"because":[6],"classes":[7],"can":[8],"look":[9],"similar,":[10],"datasets":[11],"are":[12,140,210],"imbalanced,":[13],"and":[14,16,32,40,59,75,78,87,108,134,164,176,188,200,207,215],"devices":[15],"domains":[17],"vary.":[18],"We":[19,52,90],"introduce":[20],"SynthraXCoreNet,":[21],"a":[22,48,92],"six":[23],"CNN":[24],"ensemble":[25],"with":[26,56,100,212,230],"ResNet50V2,":[27],"ResNet101V2,":[28],"ResNet152V2,":[29],"DenseNet201,":[30],"NASNetLarge,":[31],"Xception.":[33],"Each":[34],"backbone":[35],"trained":[37],"per":[38,228,249,255],"dataset,":[39],"at":[41,245],"inference":[42,222],"we":[43,68,79],"average":[44],"posterior":[45],"probabilities":[46],"from":[47],"shared":[49],"224\u00d7224\u00d73":[50],"input.":[51],"assess":[53],"probability":[54],"calibration":[55,208],"reliability":[57],"diagrams":[58],"Expected":[60],"Calibration":[61],"Error":[62],"using":[63],"temperature":[64],"scaling.":[65],"For":[66],"interpretability":[67],"combine":[69],"Integrated":[70],"Gradients,":[71],"Grad":[72],"CAM":[73],"variants,":[74],"saliency":[76],"maps,":[77],"score":[80],"explanation":[81],"quality":[82],"by":[83],"faithfulness,":[84],"robustness,":[85],"complexity,":[86],"axiomatic":[88],"metrics.":[89],"include":[91],"small":[93],"ablation":[94],"that":[95],"contrasts":[96],"equal":[97],"soft":[98,102],"voting":[99,103],"weighted":[101],"on":[104,233],"Accuracy,":[105],"Macro":[106,165,177,189,201],"F1,":[107],"ECE.":[109],"This":[110],"work":[111],"targets":[112],"clinical":[113],"decision":[114,243],"support":[115,244],"rather":[116],"than":[117],"autonomous":[118],"diagnosis.":[119],"The":[120],"current":[121],"scope":[122],"single":[124],"dermoscopic":[126],"images.":[127],"Multi":[128],"center":[129],"dermatologist":[130],"reviewed":[131],"prospective":[132],"validation":[133],"extensions":[135],"to":[136,220],"multi":[137],"use":[139],"in":[141,238],"progress.":[142],"On":[143,157,169,181,193],"four":[144],"public":[145],"datasets,":[146],"test":[147],"performance":[148],"reported":[150],"as":[151],"mean":[152],"\u00b1":[153,162,174,186,198],"95%":[154],"Wilson":[155],"CI.":[156],"HAM10000,":[158],"Accuracy":[159,171,183,195],"98.85%":[161],"0.68":[163],"F1":[166,178,190,202],"0.99.":[168],"ISIC2019,":[170],"95.30%":[173],"0.83":[175],"0.95.":[180,192],"BCN20000,":[182],"95.00%":[185],"1.21":[187],"DERM12345,":[194],"96.63%":[197],"1.00":[199],"0.97.":[204],"Confusion":[205],"analyses":[206],"checks":[209],"consistent":[211],"strong":[213],"accuracy":[214],"well":[216],"calibrated":[217],"probabilities.":[218],"End":[219],"end":[221],"latency":[223],"\u2248":[225],"461":[226],"ms":[227],"image":[229],"batch":[231],"1":[232],"an":[234],"RTX":[235],"4070":[236],"Ti":[237],"FP32,":[239],"which":[240],"supports":[241],"interactive":[242],"about":[246,252],"2.17":[247],"images":[248,254],"second":[250],"or":[251],"130":[253],"minute.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-12-08T00:00:00"}