{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416965738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639609","title":"A Low-Complexity Design for IRS-Assisted Secure Dual-Function Radar-Communication System","display_name":"A Low-Complexity Design for IRS-Assisted Secure Dual-Function Radar-Communication System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416965738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639609"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639609","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100660860","display_name":"Yikai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-8372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152014189","display_name":"Minnesota State University, Mankato","ror":"https://ror.org/04att9732","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152014189","https://openalex.org/I91221267"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Kai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, MN, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University Mankato, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-8372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152014189"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University Mankato, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152014189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100393420","display_name":"Zhan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7618-6134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152014189","display_name":"Minnesota State University, Mankato","ror":"https://ror.org/04att9732","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152014189","https://openalex.org/I91221267"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, MN, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University Mankato, MN, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152014189"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University Mankato, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152014189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004201783","display_name":"Athina P. Petropulu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-7815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athina P. Petropulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7380-7815","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3197824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"209130","last_page":"209147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7315999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rate-of-convergence","display_name":"Rate of convergence","score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.3625999987125397}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7598000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7315999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.46970000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.43630000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4138999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.41339999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.41029998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.3625999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169069869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5477546","display_name":"Fractional programming","level":4,"score":0.34790000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3431999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.2955000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152139883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252973","display_name":"Mutual information","level":2,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.27970001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130432447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11420049","display_name":"Quartic function","level":2,"score":0.25049999356269836}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639609","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2435223753","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-2320568","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4437429104","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF2320103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544261405","https://openalex.org/W1984383979","https://openalex.org/W1985123706","https://openalex.org/W1994125924","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2005102197","https://openalex.org/W2007529001","https://openalex.org/W2009204314","https://openalex.org/W2043769961","https://openalex.org/W2059210598","https://openalex.org/W2096151870","https://openalex.org/W2104478100","https://openalex.org/W2122744491","https://openalex.org/W2125930644","https://openalex.org/W2133406100","https://openalex.org/W2135137654","https://openalex.org/W2166606237","https://openalex.org/W2171006634","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2715799574","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2804290997","https://openalex.org/W2912522929","https://openalex.org/W2945534522","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2950680381","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2971738358","https://openalex.org/W2972820227","https://openalex.org/W2988426250","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3024101484","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3096513223","https://openalex.org/W3112582623","https://openalex.org/W3133505491","https://openalex.org/W3154003282","https://openalex.org/W3162644779","https://openalex.org/W3164896102","https://openalex.org/W3200820186","https://openalex.org/W3205889206","https://openalex.org/W4225300136","https://openalex.org/W4226165103","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4312466007","https://openalex.org/W4313189738","https://openalex.org/W4379116905","https://openalex.org/W4381745202","https://openalex.org/W4381745403","https://openalex.org/W4387870410","https://openalex.org/W4389065197","https://openalex.org/W4389161205","https://openalex.org/W4390938914","https://openalex.org/W4391547642","https://openalex.org/W4392909608","https://openalex.org/W4393372760","https://openalex.org/W4396878076","https://openalex.org/W4400810710","https://openalex.org/W4400985481","https://openalex.org/W4401328890","https://openalex.org/W4406321301","https://openalex.org/W4406322123","https://openalex.org/W4406857846","https://openalex.org/W4407128572","https://openalex.org/W4407309853"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dual-function":[0],"radar-communication":[1],"(DFRC)":[2],"systems":[3],"transmit":[4],"a":[5,13,118,143,183,189],"single":[6],"waveform":[7,51,169],"to":[8,12,28,58,90,177],"simultaneously":[9],"convey":[10],"information":[11,27],"communication":[14,26,61],"receiver":[15],"and":[16,52,92,130,165,211,217],"detect":[17],"targets.":[18],"However,":[19],"this":[20,139],"dual":[21],"functionality":[22],"may":[23],"expose":[24],"the":[25,49,60,67,101,108,125,134,153,179,205,208,214,218,222],"targets":[29,96],"that":[30,66,87],"also":[31],"act":[32],"as":[33],"eavesdroppers.":[34],"To":[35,137],"enhance":[36],"security,":[37],"we":[38,141],"design":[39,164],"an":[40,198],"intelligent":[41],"reflecting":[42],"surface":[43],"(IRS)-enabled":[44],"DFRC":[45],"system":[46],"in":[47,84],"which":[48,81],"probing":[50],"IRS":[53,106,128,135,162,195],"parameters":[54],"are":[55,73,88],"jointly":[56],"optimized":[57],"maximize":[59],"secrecy":[62,110,215],"rate":[63,111,216],"while":[64],"ensuring":[65],"radar":[68,103,168],"signal-to-noise":[69],"ratio":[70],"(SNR)":[71],"constraints":[72,132],"satisfied.":[74],"We":[75],"focus":[76],"on":[77,127,133],"non-line-of-sight":[78],"(NLoS)":[79],"targets,":[80],"often":[82],"arise":[83],"high-frequency":[85],"communications":[86],"susceptible":[89],"attenuation":[91],"blockage.":[93],"As":[94],"such":[95],"can":[97],"be":[98],"sensed":[99],"by":[100],"co-located":[102],"only":[104],"through":[105],"reflections,":[107],"underlying":[109],"optimization":[112],"problem":[113,154],"is":[114,155,175,192],"highly":[115],"complex,":[116],"involving":[117],"fractional":[119,172,180],"objective":[120,181],"function,":[121],"quartic":[122],"dependence":[123],"of":[124,207,221],"SNR":[126],"parameters,":[129],"unit-modulus":[131],"elements.":[136],"address":[138],"challenge,":[140],"propose":[142],"novel":[144],"low-complexity":[145,200],"solution":[146],"based":[147],"alternating":[148],"optimization.":[149,170],"In":[150],"each":[151],"iteration,":[152],"decomposed":[156],"into":[157,182],"two":[158],"subproblems:":[159],"one":[160],"for":[161,167,194],"parameter":[163],"another":[166],"A":[171],"programming":[173],"technique":[174],"employed":[176],"transform":[178],"more":[184],"tractable":[185],"polynomial":[186],"form.":[187],"Furthermore,":[188],"closed-form":[190],"approach":[191],"developed":[193],"design,":[196],"yielding":[197],"efficient":[199],"solution.":[201],"Numerical":[202],"results":[203],"demonstrate":[204],"convergence":[206],"proposed":[209],"algorithm":[210],"validate":[212],"both":[213],"beamforming":[219],"performance":[220],"designed":[223],"system.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-16T23:43:54.943958","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}
