{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7108208754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639216","title":"PSL-AKA: Physically Secure and Lightweight Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol for Wearable Devices","display_name":"PSL-AKA: Physically Secure and Lightweight Authenticated Key Agreement Protocol for Wearable Devices","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7108208754","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639216"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639216","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Joohyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5379-7179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joohyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering (Smart Security), Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5379-7179","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering (Smart Security), Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daewon Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1548-4498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142401562","display_name":"Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ysstz10","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142401562","https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daewon Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cryptography Engineering Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1548-4498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cryptography Engineering Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142401562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kisung Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-9175"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kisung Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Smart Security, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6172-9175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Smart Security, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.9389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83178043,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"206138","last_page":"206154"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.019899999722838402,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.6966999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5828999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-nonce","display_name":"Cryptographic nonce","score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session-key","display_name":"Session key","score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.41659998893737793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8064000010490417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.6966999769210815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5828999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5339000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.512499988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.49239999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4900999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9996903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749235","display_name":"Cryptographic nonce","level":3,"score":0.4627000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191197275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755775","display_name":"Session key","level":3,"score":0.4618000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4350999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.41659998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3910999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163173736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3308558","display_name":"Key generation","level":3,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8643368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4046262","display_name":"Physical unclonable function","level":3,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205009425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935662","display_name":"Forward secrecy","level":4,"score":0.2867000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.28619998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50230483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2108226","display_name":"Pre-shared key","level":5,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184660509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462624","display_name":"Shared secret","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.2515000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3639216","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3639216","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6721254276","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2024-00360387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1512241012","https://openalex.org/W1526070463","https://openalex.org/W1561441787","https://openalex.org/W1573295900","https://openalex.org/W2029693536","https://openalex.org/W2039043123","https://openalex.org/W2132544882","https://openalex.org/W2162325770","https://openalex.org/W2212111137","https://openalex.org/W2474348401","https://openalex.org/W2748361805","https://openalex.org/W2749503685","https://openalex.org/W2753121224","https://openalex.org/W2756359791","https://openalex.org/W2766472919","https://openalex.org/W2789827290","https://openalex.org/W2800426337","https://openalex.org/W2883088980","https://openalex.org/W2884963646","https://openalex.org/W2913533279","https://openalex.org/W2923796516","https://openalex.org/W3092333758","https://openalex.org/W3094254490","https://openalex.org/W3110603219","https://openalex.org/W3113296961","https://openalex.org/W3158559568","https://openalex.org/W3163508094","https://openalex.org/W3201909053","https://openalex.org/W4207001703","https://openalex.org/W4210511919","https://openalex.org/W4210895381","https://openalex.org/W4224301602","https://openalex.org/W4285212114","https://openalex.org/W4285231429","https://openalex.org/W4293704646","https://openalex.org/W4311081064","https://openalex.org/W4312543987","https://openalex.org/W4313149364","https://openalex.org/W4327662949","https://openalex.org/W4368232621","https://openalex.org/W4379803627","https://openalex.org/W4382468020","https://openalex.org/W4385154266","https://openalex.org/W4386265488","https://openalex.org/W4390577968","https://openalex.org/W4401943068","https://openalex.org/W4406110386","https://openalex.org/W4407986345"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Wearable":[0],"devices":[1,138,197],"such":[2],"as":[3],"smartwatches":[4],"and":[5,19,53,58,87,101,127,139,145,161,174,191,200],"fitness":[6],"trackers":[7],"are":[8,28],"widely":[9],"used":[10],"for":[11,108,194],"healthcare":[12,199],"monitoring":[13],"but":[14],"face":[15],"limitations":[16],"in":[17,198],"storage":[18,126],"computational":[20,172],"capacity.":[21],"To":[22],"handle":[23],"resource-intensive":[24],"tasks,":[25],"many":[26],"operations":[27],"outsourced":[29],"to":[30,50,66,76,118],"servers,":[31,141],"which":[32],"requires":[33],"transmitting":[34],"sensitive":[35],"information":[36],"through":[37,156],"public":[38],"networks.":[39],"This":[40],"reliance":[41],"on":[42],"external":[43],"servers":[44],"creates":[45],"security":[46],"challenges,":[47],"exposing":[48],"data":[49,85],"potential":[51],"interception":[52],"manipulation.":[54],"Although":[55],"various":[56],"authentication":[57,147],"key":[59,104],"agreement":[60,105],"(AKA)":[61],"protocols":[62],"have":[63],"been":[64],"proposed":[65],"mitigate":[67],"these":[68],"risks,":[69],"a":[70,98,189],"significant":[71],"number":[72],"still":[73],"remain":[74],"exposed":[75],"physical":[77,113],"capture":[78],"attacks":[79],"(PCA).":[80],"Such":[81],"vulnerabilities":[82],"undermine":[83],"both":[84],"confidentiality":[86],"the":[88,157,162],"establishment":[89],"of":[90],"mutual":[91,146],"authentication.":[92,129],"In":[93],"this":[94],"paper,":[95],"we":[96],"propose":[97],"physically":[99],"secure":[100,133,192],"lightweight":[102],"authenticated":[103],"(PSL-AKA)":[106],"protocol":[107,131],"wearable":[109,137,196],"devices.":[110],"PSL-AKA":[111,169,187],"employs":[112],"unclonable":[114],"function":[115],"(PUF)":[116],"technology":[117],"strengthen":[119],"protection":[120],"against":[121],"PCA":[122],"while":[123],"supporting":[124],"efficient":[125],"reliable":[128],"The":[130],"establishes":[132],"session":[134],"keys":[135],"between":[136],"cloud":[140],"ensuring":[142],"confidentiality,":[143],"integrity,":[144],"under":[148],"insecure":[149],"conditions.":[150],"Security":[151],"robustness":[152],"is":[153],"also":[154],"verified":[155],"Real-or-Random":[158],"(ROR)":[159],"model":[160],"AVISPA":[163],"tool.":[164],"Performance":[165],"evaluation":[166],"shows":[167],"that":[168,186],"achieves":[170],"lower":[171],"cost":[173],"reduced":[175],"communication":[176],"overhead":[177],"compared":[178],"with":[179],"existing":[180],"AKA":[181],"schemes.":[182],"These":[183],"results":[184],"demonstrate":[185],"offers":[188],"practical":[190],"solution":[193],"protecting":[195],"IoT":[201],"environments.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-11T23:09:37.256380","created_date":"2025-12-03T00:00:00"}