{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416798080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638457","title":"RE-Mark: An Identity-Recovery Watermarking Method for Undoing Deepfake Face-Swap","display_name":"RE-Mark: An Identity-Recovery Watermarking Method for Undoing Deepfake Face-Swap","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416798080","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638457"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3638457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638457","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059035630","display_name":"Tomasz Walczyna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1726-7804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Walczyna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Faculty, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Faculty, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015925094","display_name":"Jacek M. \u017burada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6622-534X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142740786","display_name":"University of Louisville","ror":"https://ror.org/01ckdn478","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacek M. Zurada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","Electrical and Computer Eng. Department, University of Louisville, 2301 S 3rd St, Louisville, KY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Eng. Department, University of Louisville, 2301 S 3rd St, Louisville, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142740786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075386896","display_name":"Zbigniew Piotrowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-0297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zbigniew Piotrowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electronics and Telecommunications Faculty, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics and Telecommunications Faculty, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059035630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.38333503,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"215911","last_page":"215928"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.7105000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.7105000019073486,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.10939999669790268,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.05009999871253967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3804999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6086000204086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5645999908447266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5521000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5471000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5094000101089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4431999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.44290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.42879998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.38690000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3804999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780492140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4066779","display_name":"Undoing","level":2,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.34630000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.32409998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117797892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q286363","display_name":"Shadow (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86034646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q474311","display_name":"Semantic gap","level":4,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.25459998846054077}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3638457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3638457","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638457","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W3092709185","https://openalex.org/W3092813564","https://openalex.org/W3166898278","https://openalex.org/W3166900385","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3206071277","https://openalex.org/W4205695807","https://openalex.org/W4211008685","https://openalex.org/W4213449918","https://openalex.org/W4288257146","https://openalex.org/W4289912920","https://openalex.org/W4319299925","https://openalex.org/W4322629454","https://openalex.org/W4379053515","https://openalex.org/W4387968109","https://openalex.org/W4388851105","https://openalex.org/W4392381152","https://openalex.org/W4402947180","https://openalex.org/W4403355474","https://openalex.org/W4404501997","https://openalex.org/W4406669060"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"response":[1],"to":[2,79,119],"the":[3,30,77,130,139],"growing":[4],"threat":[5],"of":[6,42,102],"face\u2011swap":[7],"deepfakes,":[8],"we":[9],"introduced":[10],"RE\u2011Mark.":[11],"This":[12,74],"active":[13,108],"zero-bit":[14],"watermark":[15],"embeds":[16],"a":[17,24,34,40,56,97,146],"compact":[18],"neural":[19],"identity":[20,155],"signature":[21],"directly":[22],"within":[23],"facial":[25],"image":[26],"and":[27,50,72,135,143,153],"later":[28],"reconstructs":[29],"pre-swap":[31],"appearance":[32],"from":[33],"single":[35],"image.":[36],"The":[37],"scheme":[38],"employs":[39],"pair":[41],"symmetric,":[43],"attention-enhanced":[44],"U-Nets":[45],"acting":[46],"as":[47,70],"an":[48,121],"embedder":[49],"extractor.":[51],"It":[52],"is":[53],"trained":[54],"with":[55,66,145],"specific":[57],"training":[58],"pipeline":[59],"that":[60,92,110],"mixes":[61],"five":[62],"different":[63],"face-swap":[64],"engines":[65],"classical":[67],"degradations":[68],"such":[69],"noise":[71],"blur.":[73],"diversity":[75],"forces":[76],"network":[78],"learn":[80],"robust,":[81],"high-level":[82],"cues":[83],"rather":[84],"than":[85],"brittle":[86],"artifact":[87],"patterns,":[88],"yielding":[89],"transparent":[90],"watermarks":[91],"remain":[93],"visually":[94],"imperceptible":[95],"at":[96],"peak":[98],"signal-to-noise":[99],"ratio":[100],"(PSNR)":[101],"approximately":[103],"36":[104],"dB.":[105],"Unlike":[106],"previous":[107],"defenses":[109],"only":[111],"flag":[112],"manipulations,":[113],"RE-Mark":[114],"hides":[115],"enough":[116],"semantic":[117],"redundancy":[118],"recover":[120],"authentic":[122],"face":[123],"without":[124],"any":[125],"external":[126],"reference":[127],"gallery,":[128],"closing":[129],"gap":[131],"between":[132],"fragile":[133],"detectors":[134],"robust\u2014but":[136],"non-restorative\u2014watermarks.":[137],"Therefore,":[138],"method":[140],"equips":[141],"platforms":[142],"investigators":[144],"practical":[147],"tool":[148],"for":[149],"both":[150],"tamper":[151],"verification":[152],"post\u2011factum":[154],"restoration.":[156]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}
