{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416749966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638250","title":"Vegetation Indices Prediction Using Machine-Learning and Deep-Learning Approaches From RGB Calibrated Images","display_name":"Vegetation Indices Prediction Using Machine-Learning and Deep-Learning Approaches From RGB Calibrated Images","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416749966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638250"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3638250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638250","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029426204","display_name":"Lavinia Moscovini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-3194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099209","display_name":"Centro di Ricerca per l\u2019Orticoltura","ror":"https://ror.org/00z6kst31","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209","https://openalex.org/I4210125105"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lavinia Moscovini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9886-3194","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063624316","display_name":"Luciano Ortenzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-8882"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luciano Ortenzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1245-8882","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005760132","display_name":"Simona Violino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-7642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099209","display_name":"Centro di Ricerca per l\u2019Orticoltura","ror":"https://ror.org/00z6kst31","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209","https://openalex.org/I4210125105"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simona Violino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1853-7642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045360832","display_name":"Catello Pane","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8666-2424"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099209","display_name":"Centro di Ricerca per l\u2019Orticoltura","ror":"https://ror.org/00z6kst31","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209","https://openalex.org/I4210125105"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catello Pane","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy","Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Via Cavalleggeri 51, Pontecagnano Faiano, SA, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8666-2424","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Pontecagnano Faiano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Orticoltura e Florovivaismo, Via Cavalleggeri 51, Pontecagnano Faiano, SA, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009987431","display_name":"Simone Figorilli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-4199"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099209","display_name":"Centro di Ricerca per l\u2019Orticoltura","ror":"https://ror.org/00z6kst31","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209","https://openalex.org/I4210125105"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simone Figorilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031758038","display_name":"Corrado Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-1399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099209","display_name":"Centro di Ricerca per l\u2019Orticoltura","ror":"https://ror.org/00z6kst31","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209","https://openalex.org/I4210125105"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corrado Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3711-1399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054910668","display_name":"Federico Pallottino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-1257"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099209","display_name":"Centro di Ricerca per l\u2019Orticoltura","ror":"https://ror.org/00z6kst31","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209","https://openalex.org/I4210125105"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Pallottino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2035-1257","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L&#x2019;Analisi dell&#x2019;Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l&#x2019;analisi dell&#x2019;economia agraria (CREA) - Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari, Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029426204"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099209"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.33708552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"203216","last_page":"203229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.8217999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.8217999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.09179999679327011,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.020600000396370888,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.763700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.7300999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multispectral-image","display_name":"Multispectral image","score":0.691100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-agriculture","display_name":"Precision agriculture","score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.45879998803138733}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.763700008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.7300999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173163844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761440","display_name":"Multispectral image","level":2,"score":0.691100001335144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6588000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.6299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120217122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740083","display_name":"Precision agriculture","level":3,"score":0.5906999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.48260000348091125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.46549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45649999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36090001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87456703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q247760","display_name":"Radiometry","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118530786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134732","display_name":"Instrumentation (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.31940001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.3133000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3091999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163985040","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172399","display_name":"Data acquisition","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.25609999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3638250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e589652355b0442ab020c09c183a2f4b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e589652355b0442ab020c09c183a2f4b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 203216-203229 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3638250","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3638250","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,119],"evaluation":[1],"of":[2,18,32,48,70,90,108,114,121,130,153,173,223],"the":[3,7,16,25,30,46,68,105,111,115,128,151,171,178,194,221,228],"information":[4],"provided":[5],"by":[6],"vegetation":[8],"indices":[9],"(VIs)":[10],"represents":[11],"a":[12,182,198],"substantial":[13],"resource":[14],"for":[15,59,87,156],"application":[17],"precision":[19],"agriculture":[20],"techniques.":[21],"In":[22,161],"addition":[23],"to":[24,42,54,84,96,125,169,204],"numerous":[26],"environmental":[27],"challenges":[28],"facing":[29],"control":[31],"agricultural":[33],"activities,":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36],"rising":[37],"soil":[38],"temperatures,":[39],"limited":[40],"access":[41],"water":[43],"resources,":[44],"and":[45,61,80,226,231],"containment":[47],"plant":[49],"diseases,":[50],"it":[51],"is":[52,94,124],"crucial":[53],"reduce":[55],"management":[56],"costs,":[57],"especially":[58],"small":[60],"medium-sized":[62],"farms.":[63],"However,":[64],"calculating":[65],"VIs":[66,131,166],"requires":[67],"use":[69],"advanced":[71],"instrumentation":[72],"equipped":[73],"with":[74,139],"hyperspectral":[75],"or":[76,110,158],"multispectral":[77],"optical":[78],"sensors":[79],"experienced":[81],"operators":[82],"trained":[83],"handle":[85],"instruments":[86],"accurate":[88],"acquisition":[89],"spectral":[91],"data,":[92],"which":[93,135],"essential":[95],"obtain":[97],"parameters":[98],"that":[99,145],"can":[100,136,146],"provide":[101],"an":[102],"estimate":[103],"reflecting":[104],"real":[106],"state":[107],"health":[109],"physico-chemical":[112],"characteristics":[113],"crop":[116],"in":[117,150],"question.":[118],"aim":[120],"this":[122,162],"study":[123],"investigate":[126],"whether":[127],"determination":[129],"from":[132,190,207],"RGB":[133,192,209],"images,":[134],"be":[137,147],"acquired":[138],"cheaper":[140],"devices,":[141],"provides":[142],"reliable":[143],"results":[144,229],"used":[148],"later":[149],"development":[152],"prescription":[154],"maps":[155],"irrigation":[157],"treatment":[159],"distribution.":[160],"study,":[163],"5":[164],"different":[165,175],"were":[167],"considered":[168],"compare":[170],"performance":[172],"two":[174],"regression":[176],"approaches:":[177],"first":[179],"method":[180,196],"uses":[181,197],"shallow":[183],"neural":[184,200],"network":[185,201],"(SNN),":[186],"estimating":[187],"pixel":[188],"value":[189],"calibrated":[191,208],"values;":[193],"second":[195],"convolutional":[199],"(CNN":[202],"U-Net)":[203],"generate":[205],"images":[206],"images.":[210],"For":[211],"both":[212],"models,":[213],"multiple":[214],"tests":[215],"have":[216],"been":[217],"carried":[218],"out":[219],"showing":[220],"effectiveness":[222],"regressive":[224],"methods":[225],"supporting":[227],"obtained":[230],"their":[232],"possible":[233],"practical":[234],"use.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-28T00:00:00"}
