{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416707100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3637280","title":"Spatiotemporal Connectivity and Fractal\u2013Spectral Profiles (STC-FSP): A Handcrafted Feature Framework for EEG-Based Mental Stress Recognition","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Connectivity and Fractal\u2013Spectral Profiles (STC-FSP): A Handcrafted Feature Framework for EEG-Based Mental Stress Recognition","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416707100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3637280"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3637280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3637280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3637280","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029685732","display_name":"Dwi Utari Surya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8494-9779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dwi Utari Surya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8494-9779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Sholeh Hadi Pramono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4399-284X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sholeh Hadi Pramono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4399-284X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083963758","display_name":"Panca Mudjirahardjo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-2658"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panca Mudjirahardjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5097-2658","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039786296","display_name":"Muhammad Aziz Muslim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-8027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Aziz Muslim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4891-8027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052227116","display_name":"Cries Avian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-3450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cries Avian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4968-3450","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043243811","display_name":"Mahdin Rohmatillah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-2165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177055848","display_name":"University of Brawijaya","ror":"https://ror.org/01wk3d929","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdin Rohmatillah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-2165","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029685732"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177055848"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.34974105,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"206844","last_page":"206861"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.5490000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.5490000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.23109999299049377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.053599998354911804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6732000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correlation","display_name":"Correlation","score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7728000283241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7049000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6732000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6518999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4846000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.462799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117220453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5172842","display_name":"Correlation","level":2,"score":0.44920000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4262999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.41679999232292175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.38580000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.3343999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3637280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3637280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3637280","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3637280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988321620","https://openalex.org/W2126796976","https://openalex.org/W2164190117","https://openalex.org/W2567080747","https://openalex.org/W2773478070","https://openalex.org/W2910134385","https://openalex.org/W3092248103","https://openalex.org/W3097667802","https://openalex.org/W3107820166","https://openalex.org/W3120671187","https://openalex.org/W3128134092","https://openalex.org/W3174507101","https://openalex.org/W3179585071","https://openalex.org/W3181156070","https://openalex.org/W3181534568","https://openalex.org/W3186176846","https://openalex.org/W3203469066","https://openalex.org/W3206456343","https://openalex.org/W3207741795","https://openalex.org/W3209193284","https://openalex.org/W4200634062","https://openalex.org/W4205734780","https://openalex.org/W4210582464","https://openalex.org/W4224256663","https://openalex.org/W4229024336","https://openalex.org/W4280642794","https://openalex.org/W4294630985","https://openalex.org/W4296344449","https://openalex.org/W4297256710","https://openalex.org/W4303648677","https://openalex.org/W4308394105","https://openalex.org/W4313531753","https://openalex.org/W4319348722","https://openalex.org/W4362514394","https://openalex.org/W4364375970","https://openalex.org/W4366091323","https://openalex.org/W4376867580","https://openalex.org/W4383651586","https://openalex.org/W4386630563","https://openalex.org/W4388637491","https://openalex.org/W4388934799","https://openalex.org/W4391228904","https://openalex.org/W4392406050","https://openalex.org/W4396765624","https://openalex.org/W4396827044","https://openalex.org/W4397005732","https://openalex.org/W4400275873","https://openalex.org/W4400942131","https://openalex.org/W4402039698","https://openalex.org/W4402364568","https://openalex.org/W4402594183","https://openalex.org/W4402766301","https://openalex.org/W4403674662","https://openalex.org/W4404514854","https://openalex.org/W4404520461","https://openalex.org/W4404528107","https://openalex.org/W4405727880","https://openalex.org/W4407767392","https://openalex.org/W4409076880","https://openalex.org/W4409535949","https://openalex.org/W4410870176","https://openalex.org/W4411137120","https://openalex.org/W4414752461"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mental":[0],"stress":[1,55,189,276],"poses":[2],"a":[3,25,72,121],"significant":[4],"global":[5],"health":[6,259],"burden,":[7],"with":[8,173,186,206,214,227],"rising":[9],"prevalence":[10],"linked":[11],"to":[12,40,62,105,223,256],"impaired":[13],"cognitive":[14],"functioning,":[15],"reduced":[16],"productivity,":[17],"and":[18,67,79,94,102,111,118,162,208,239,246,272],"increased":[19],"neuropsychiatric":[20],"risk.":[21],"Electroencephalography":[22],"(EEG)":[23],"provides":[24],"non-invasive":[26],"approach":[27,252],"for":[28,275],"capturing":[29],"neural":[30,109],"correlates":[31],"of":[32,45,52,179,267],"stress;":[33],"however,":[34],"effective":[35],"classification":[36,56,190],"remains":[37],"challenging":[38],"due":[39],"the":[41,50,128,138,156,218,250,265],"complex":[42],"spatiotemporal":[43],"nature":[44],"brain":[46],"activity.":[47],"To":[48,114],"address":[49],"limitations":[51],"current":[53],"EEG-based":[54,188],"methods,":[57],"particularly":[58,254],"their":[59],"limited":[60],"ability":[61],"jointly":[63],"model":[64],"temporal,":[65,91],"spectral,":[66,92],"spatial":[68,95],"dependencies.":[69],"We":[70],"propose":[71],"novel":[73],"handcrafted":[74,86,269],"feature-extraction":[75],"framework,":[76],"Spatiotemporal":[77],"Connectivity":[78],"Fractal\u2013Spectral":[80],"Profile":[81],"(STC-FSP).":[82],"The":[83,131],"framework":[84,134],"integrates":[85],"descriptors":[87,245],"from":[88],"four":[89],"domains,":[90],"fractal,":[93],"connectivity":[96],"(including":[97],"inter-channel":[98],"correlation,":[99],"hemispheric":[100],"asymmetry,":[101],"phase-lag":[103],"index)":[104],"capture":[106],"both":[107,237],"localized":[108],"dynamics":[110],"inter-regional":[112],"synchronization.":[113],"enhance":[115],"cross-domain":[116],"interaction":[117],"reduce":[119],"redundancy,":[120],"log-transformed":[122],"Pearson":[123],"correlation":[124],"is":[125,253],"applied":[126],"across":[127],"feature":[129],"space.":[130],"proposed":[132,219,251],"STC-FSP":[133,220],"was":[135],"evaluated":[136],"on":[137],"publicly":[139],"available":[140],"DASPS":[141],"dataset":[142],"using":[143,199],"multiple":[144],"classical":[145],"machine":[146],"learning":[147],"models.":[148],"In":[149],"binary":[150],"classification,":[151,168],"K-Nearest":[152],"Neighbors":[153],"(KNN)":[154],"achieved":[155],"highest":[157],"accuracy":[158,172,226,238],"(93.18%),":[159],"F1-score":[160],"(93.89%),":[161,164],"AUC":[163],"while":[165],"in":[166,236],"multiclass":[167],"XGBoost":[169],"yielded":[170],"competitive":[171],"an":[174],"exceptionally":[175],"low":[176,248],"inference":[177,230],"time":[178],"0.0015":[180],"s,":[181],"demonstrating":[182],"real-time":[183],"feasibility.":[184],"Compared":[185],"existing":[187],"methods":[191],"such":[192],"as":[193],"Baghdadi":[194],"et":[195,202,210],"al.":[196,203,211],"(2019)":[197],"(83.5%":[198],"Autoencoder),":[200],"Syakiyla":[201],"(2023)":[204],"(89.5%":[205],"S-LSMOTE),":[207],"Shikha":[209],"(2025)":[212],"(NMI\u2013RFE":[213],"Random":[215],"Forest,":[216],"90.76%),":[217],"achieves":[221],"up":[222],"16%\u201320%":[224],"higher":[225],"significantly":[228],"lower":[229],"latency":[231],"(~0.05s),":[232],"confirming":[233],"its":[234],"superiority":[235],"computational":[240],"efficiency.":[241],"By":[242],"fusing":[243],"multi-domain":[244],"emphasizing":[247],"latency,":[249],"suited":[255],"resource-constrained":[257],"mental":[258],"monitoring":[260],"applications.":[261],"This":[262],"study":[263],"demonstrates":[264],"efficacy":[266],"interpretable":[268],"EEG":[270],"features":[271],"log-correlation":[273],"modelling":[274],"recognition.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-11-27T00:00:00"}
