{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416649815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636576","title":"LLM-Guided Security Claim Generation for Autonomous Vehicle in Smart Urban Systems","display_name":"LLM-Guided Security Claim Generation for Autonomous Vehicle in Smart Urban Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416649815","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636576"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636576","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091350123","display_name":"Ali Louati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-3919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Louati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7088-3919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007726935","display_name":"Hassen Louati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-8972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156733","display_name":"Kingdom University","ror":"https://ror.org/04g3hr176","country_code":"BH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156733"]}],"countries":["BH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassen Louati","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Technology, Kingdom University, Riffa, Bahrain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7442-8972","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Technology, Kingdom University, Riffa, Bahrain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156733"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053040718","display_name":"Elham Kariri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3226-6412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142608572","display_name":"Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elham Kariri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3226-6412","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Engineering and Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142608572"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70189348,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"201018","last_page":"201029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.3968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.3968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.21940000355243683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.14100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzz-testing","display_name":"Fuzz testing","score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-verification","display_name":"Formal verification","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formal-methods","display_name":"Formal methods","score":0.3783999979496002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5756999850273132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111065885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1189053","display_name":"Fuzz testing","level":3,"score":0.5081999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4984999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111498074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173326","display_name":"Formal verification","level":2,"score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.41909998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75606506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049183","display_name":"Formal methods","level":2,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.36239999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779795794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315343","display_name":"Reset (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780234205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2281276","display_name":"Safety case","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183322885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007702","display_name":"Context model","level":3,"score":0.2728999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116253237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437424","display_name":"Formal specification","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1093d5b3d734fa7a1fe9b779c4807a7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1093d5b3d734fa7a1fe9b779c4807a7","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 201018-201029 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636576","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636576","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8938113559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PSAU/2025/01/32246","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","funder_display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311227","display_name":"Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/04jt46d36"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,164],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,89],"novel":[4],"evaluation":[5,172],"framework":[6,70,116],"that":[7,26,139],"uses":[8],"Large":[9],"Language":[10],"Models":[11],"(LLMs)":[12],"to":[13,77,88,126,190],"automatically":[14],"generate":[15,78],"formal":[16,56,192],"security":[17],"assertions":[18,57,144],"for":[19,58,174],"autonomous":[20],"vehicle":[21],"(AV)":[22],"subsystems":[23],"an":[24],"area":[25],"remains":[27],"insufficiently":[28],"explored":[29],"in":[30,42,54,145,177,194],"the":[31,128,167,185],"context":[32,154],"of":[33,130,149,187],"hardware-level":[34],"safety":[35],"verification.":[36],"While":[37],"LLMs":[38,76,140],"have":[39],"demonstrated":[40],"capabilities":[41],"tasks":[43],"such":[44],"as":[45],"perception,":[46],"route":[47],"planning,":[48],"and":[49,111,123,171,180,197],"user":[50],"interaction,":[51],"their":[52],"role":[53],"generating":[55],"low-level":[59],"AV":[60,178],"hardware":[61,91],"components":[62],"has":[63],"not":[64],"been":[65],"systematically":[66],"studied.":[67],"The":[68,115],"proposed":[69],"addresses":[71],"this":[72],"gap":[73],"by":[74,94],"guiding":[75],"SystemVerilog":[79],"Assertions":[80],"(SVAs)":[81],"across":[82],"four":[83],"AV-related":[84],"benchmarks,":[85],"each":[86],"corresponding":[87],"distinct":[90],"vulnerability":[92],"classified":[93],"Common":[95],"Weakness":[96],"Enumerations":[97],"(CWEs).":[98],"These":[99],"benchmarks":[100],"include":[101],"traffic":[102],"signal":[103],"controllers,":[104,110],"AES":[105],"encryption":[106],"modules,":[107],"privilege-level":[108],"register":[109],"ADC":[112],"reset":[113],"logic.":[114],"incorporates":[117],"structured":[118],"prompt":[119],"engineering,":[120],"syntax":[121],"correction,":[122],"simulation-based":[124],"validation":[125],"assess":[127],"correctness":[129],"generated":[131],"assertions.":[132],"Experimental":[133],"results":[134],"using":[135],"OpenAI\u2019s":[136],"Codex":[137],"show":[138],"can":[141],"produce":[142],"correct":[143],"more":[146],"than":[147],"50%":[148],"cases":[150],"when":[151],"complete":[152],"design":[153],"is":[155],"provided,":[156],"while":[157],"performance":[158],"drops":[159],"significantly":[160],"with":[161],"minimal":[162],"input.":[163],"study":[165],"introduces":[166],"first":[168],"comprehensive":[169],"benchmark":[170],"pipeline":[173],"LLM-generated":[175],"SVAs":[176],"systems":[179],"offers":[181],"new":[182],"insights":[183],"into":[184],"potential":[186],"generative":[188],"models":[189],"support":[191],"verification":[193],"intelligent":[195],"transportation":[196],"smart":[198],"city":[199],"infrastructures.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-03T23:09:05.601824","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}