{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416582868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636297","title":"A Novel Variable Neighborhood Search for Empowered 5G Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) Resources Dimensioning for Autonomous and Connected Vehicles","display_name":"A Novel Variable Neighborhood Search for Empowered 5G Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) Resources Dimensioning for Autonomous and Connected Vehicles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416582868","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636297"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636297","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003062703","display_name":"Khalid T. Mursi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-8484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid T. Mursi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybersecurity, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Cybersecurity, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8032-8484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybersecurity, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079069251","display_name":"Bouziane Brik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-5702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bouziane Brik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3267-5702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028864291","display_name":"Mahdi Jemmali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-8739"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahdi Jemmali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3462-8739","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, College of Computing and Informatics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061574941","display_name":"Akram Y. Sarhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-562X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099699","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165529","display_name":"University of Business and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05tcr1n44","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akram Y. Sarhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technology, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Department of Information Technology, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-562X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computing and Information Technology, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165529","https://openalex.org/I4210099699"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.30656847,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"209905","last_page":"209920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.5146999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.5146999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.274399995803833,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.017500000074505806,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6804999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5496000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-neighborhood-search","display_name":"Variable neighborhood search","score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.44429999589920044}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.711899995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6804999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6647999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5566999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5496000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.510200023651123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776435737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915703","display_name":"Variable neighborhood search","level":3,"score":0.4975999891757965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4481000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.44429999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89714869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280470","display_name":"Dimensioning","level":2,"score":0.44040000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55416958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6206757","display_name":"Job shop scheduling","level":3,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.3172999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.2987000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1092142","display_name":"Computational resource","level":3,"score":0.29670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989134064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288510","display_name":"Execution time","level":2,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bf5471905fab4b44859384cc22999318","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bf5471905fab4b44859384cc22999318","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 13, Pp 209905-209920 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636297","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7047497364","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UJ-24-DR-805-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329038","funder_display_name":"University of Jeddah"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329038","display_name":"University of Jeddah","ror":"https://ror.org/015ya8798"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"the":[1,53,88,132,139,142,156,208,213,221,238,241],"effective":[2],"operation":[3],"of":[4,34,58,90,141,212,226,232,240],"interconnected":[5],"autonomous":[6,74],"vehicles,":[7],"it":[8],"is":[9],"imperative":[10],"to":[11,48,61,162,266,286],"ensure":[12],"extremely":[13],"lowlatency,":[14],"high":[15],"reliability,":[16],"and":[17,28,107,127,185,197,210,248,272,283,290],"significant":[18],"processing":[19],"capabilities,":[20],"which":[21],"are":[22],"essential":[23],"for":[24,252],"situational":[25],"awareness,":[26],"reasoning,":[27],"vehicle-to-all":[29],"(V2A)":[30],"communication.":[31],"The":[32],"incorporation":[33],"5G":[35],"technology":[36],"with":[37,73,228],"Multi-Access":[38],"Edge":[39],"Computing":[40],"(MEC)":[41],"presents":[42,80],"itself":[43],"as":[44,159,270,275,277],"a":[45,81,147],"promising":[46],"framework":[47,84,243,265],"meet":[49],"these":[50],"requirements.":[51],"However,":[52],"relatively":[54],"lower":[55],"computational":[56,108],"capacity":[57],"MEC":[59,94,256],"compared":[60],"central":[62],"cloud":[63,271],"servers":[64],"poses":[65],"substantial":[66],"challenges":[67],"in":[68,170,224,244],"efficiently":[69],"scheduling":[70,83],"applications":[71,92,254],"associated":[72],"connected":[75],"vehicles":[76],"(ACV).":[77],"This":[78,167],"manuscript":[79],"comprehensive":[82],"aims":[85],"at":[86],"optimizing":[87],"allocation":[89],"vehicular":[91],"on":[93,97],"hosts":[95],"based":[96],"various":[98],"criteria,":[99],"including":[100],"physical":[101],"distance,":[102],"traffic":[103],"density,":[104],"resource":[105,246],"availability,":[106],"demand.":[109],"We":[110],"have":[111],"developed":[112],"five":[113],"heuristic":[114],"algorithms\u2014<italic":[115],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[116,119,122,125,129,174,177,180,183,187,201,204,218],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">BSR</i>,":[117,175],"<italic":[118,121,124,128,173,176,179,182,186,203,217],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">THS</i>,":[120,178],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">FFA</i>,":[123,181],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">SFA</i>,":[126,184],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">FAS</i>\u2014to":[130],"address":[131],"intrinsic":[133],"NP-hard":[134],"problem.":[135],"To":[136],"further":[137,287],"enhance":[138],"quality":[140],"solutions":[143,161],"obtained,":[144],"we":[145],"propose":[146],"novel":[148],"Variable":[149],"Neighborhood":[150],"Search":[151],"(VNS)":[152],"mechanism":[153],"that":[154],"utilizes":[155],"proposed":[157,242],"heuristics":[158],"initial":[160],"explore":[163],"alternative":[164],"execution":[165,250],"schedules.":[166],"approach":[168],"results":[169],"superior":[171],"alternatives:":[172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">FAS</i>.":[188],"Experimental":[189],"evaluations":[190],"conducted":[191],"across":[192],"1,":[193],"800":[194],"problem":[195],"instances":[196],"45":[198],"distinct":[199],"(<italic":[200],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n<sub>app</sub></i>,":[202],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">n<sub>vm</sub></i>)":[205],"pairs":[206],"demonstrate":[207],"robustness":[209],"superiority":[211],"VNS-based":[214],"methods.":[215],"Notably,":[216],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">THS</i>":[219],"achieves":[220],"optimal":[222],"solution":[223],"65.7%":[225],"instances,":[227],"an":[229],"average":[230],"deviation":[231],"only":[233],"0.001.":[234],"These":[235],"findings":[236],"underscore":[237],"effectiveness":[239],"enhancing":[245],"utilization":[247],"reducing":[249],"delays":[251],"ACV":[253],"within":[255],"environments.":[257],"Future":[258],"research":[259],"could":[260],"consider":[261],"extending":[262],"this":[263],"VNS":[264],"other":[267],"domains,":[268],"such":[269],"edge":[273],"computing,":[274],"well":[276],"integrating":[278],"adaptive":[279],"learning-based":[280],"neighborhood":[281],"strategies":[282],"hybrid":[284],"metaheuristics":[285],"improve":[288],"scalability":[289],"performance.":[291]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}
