{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416582921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636061","title":"Let\u2019s Get Physical: Rethinking the Static Partitioning Hypervisor Architecture for an MMU-Less Memory Model","display_name":"Let\u2019s Get Physical: Rethinking the Static Partitioning Hypervisor Architecture for an MMU-Less Memory Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416582921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636061","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061137711","display_name":"Afonso Santos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7501-7515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afonso Santos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7501-7515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101518950","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9380-7150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048708915","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3534-9953"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Sousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3534-9953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100702010","display_name":"Manuel Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3690-9849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Rodr\u00edguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3690-9849","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058864507","display_name":"Sandro Pinto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4580-7484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","display_name":"University of Minho","ror":"https://ror.org/037wpkx04","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sandro Pinto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4580-7484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro ALGORITMI/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Guimar&#x00E3;es, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Algoritmi/LASI, Universidade do Minho, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":1.0631,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8180811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"206046","last_page":"206065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.6772000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.1462000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.08309999853372574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.9799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-address","display_name":"Physical address","score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-protection","display_name":"Memory protection","score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isolation","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","score":0.3564000129699707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.9799000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8097000122070312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.649399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6234999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41036726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844824","display_name":"Physical address","level":3,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18131444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163585","display_name":"Memory protection","level":5,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.3564000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779602883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15544750","display_name":"Memory architecture","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16980","display_name":"ARM architecture","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47878483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848333","display_name":"Full virtualization","level":4,"score":0.2930000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133875982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q764810","display_name":"Shared memory","level":2,"score":0.2922999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53838383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541148","display_name":"Conventional memory","level":5,"score":0.2881999909877777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.2662999927997589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107598950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q259864","display_name":"Microarchitecture","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778787235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49007","display_name":"Yarn","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorium.uminho.pt:1822/100936","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1822/100936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401240","display_name":"Reposit\u00f3riUM (Universidade do Minho)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99682543","host_organization_name":"University of Minho","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99682543"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2025.3636061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3636061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2870794792","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101070537","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3210404364","display_name":"CROSS-TEE: Cross-Platform Trusted Execution Environment for Embedded and IoT Devices","funder_award_id":"2023.00297.BD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3418048714","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SFRH/BD/138660/2018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5317956557","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5868577128","display_name":"Cross-platform Open Security Stack for Connected Devices","funder_award_id":"101070537","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7574042020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7764997735","display_name":"Virtualization Infrastructure for Automotive Safety Applications","funder_award_id":"2020.08686.BD","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325399","display_name":"Universidade do Minho","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076409494","https://openalex.org/W2102481384","https://openalex.org/W2131726714","https://openalex.org/W2134955305","https://openalex.org/W2144838723","https://openalex.org/W2168075869","https://openalex.org/W2562036180","https://openalex.org/W2604421731","https://openalex.org/W2784066041","https://openalex.org/W2787077727","https://openalex.org/W2796999085","https://openalex.org/W2806254262","https://openalex.org/W2891658134","https://openalex.org/W2891818413","https://openalex.org/W2913096406","https://openalex.org/W2951139470","https://openalex.org/W2967783393","https://openalex.org/W3027659961","https://openalex.org/W3032788941","https://openalex.org/W3170712332","https://openalex.org/W4200395680","https://openalex.org/W4211204745","https://openalex.org/W4232751114","https://openalex.org/W4283689410","https://openalex.org/W4293499097","https://openalex.org/W4312468221","https://openalex.org/W4362653717","https://openalex.org/W4367856974","https://openalex.org/W4381886089","https://openalex.org/W4382894229","https://openalex.org/W4388280402","https://openalex.org/W4396766395"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"industries,":[1],"in":[2,9,217],"particular":[3],"automotive,":[4],"are":[5,135],"undergoing":[6],"substantial":[7],"transformations":[8],"their":[10],"underlying":[11],"electrical":[12],"and":[13,28,36,91,128,175,212],"electronic":[14],"architecture":[15,64],"(E/E),":[16],"pushing":[17,59],"for":[18,60,98,111,234],"a":[19,80,109,182,192,214,224,231],"transition":[20],"from":[21],"traditional":[22],"flat":[23],"architectures":[24],"to":[25,46,68,123,138,158,180],"more":[26],"decentralized":[27],"zonal":[29],"systems.":[30,236],"Moreover,":[31],"this":[32,48,51,103],"industry\u2019s":[33,72],"demanding":[34],"constraints":[35],"regulations":[37],"(e.g.,":[38],"ISO26262)":[39],"limit":[40],"the":[41,61,70,105,116,121,146,159,172,176,188,197,221],"application":[42],"of":[43,148,162,228],"COTS":[44],"technologies":[45],"support":[47],"shift.":[49],"Seeing":[50],"gap,":[52],"semiconductor":[53],"designers,":[54],"like":[55],"Arm,":[56],"have":[57],"been":[58],"Armv8-R":[62,177],"processor":[63],"with":[65,206],"specific":[66],"features":[67],"cover":[69],"automotive":[71],"needs.":[73],"To":[74],"address":[75],"these":[76],"demands,":[77],"Arm":[78,164],"introduced":[79],"dual-stage":[81,173],"Memory":[82],"Protection":[83],"Unit":[84],"(MPU)":[85],"that":[86],"supports":[87],"hierarchical":[88],"memory":[89,218],"isolation":[90],"enables":[92],"hypervisor":[93,106,133],"deployment,":[94],"enhancing":[95],"its":[96],"suitability":[97],"mixed-criticality":[99],"real-time":[100,163,235],"environments.":[101],"In":[102],"context,":[104],"emerges":[107],"as":[108],"solution":[110],"consolidating":[112],"different":[113],"subsystems":[114],"onto":[115],"same":[117],"hardware":[118],"platform,":[119],"allowing":[120],"system":[122,222],"meet":[124],"SWaP-C":[125],"(Size,":[126],"Weight,":[127],"Power-Cost)":[129],"requirements.":[130],"However,":[131],"most":[132],"implementations":[134],"not":[136],"designed":[137],"run":[139],"on":[140,170,191,196],"MMU-less":[141,202],"devices.":[142],"This":[143],"paper":[144],"describes":[145],"journey":[147],"re-designing":[149],"Bao,":[150],"an":[151],"open-source":[152],"lightweight":[153],"Static":[154],"Partitioning":[155],"Hypervisor":[156],"(SPH),":[157],"new":[160],"generation":[161],"processors.":[165],"The":[166],"core":[167],"contribution":[168],"focuses":[169],"leveraging":[171],"MPU":[174],"virtualization":[178,184],"extensions":[179],"establish":[181],"predictable":[183],"infrastructure.":[185],"We":[186],"evaluated":[187],"hypervisor\u2019s":[189],"performance":[190,210],"multi-core":[193],"platform":[194],"based":[195],"NXP":[198],"S32Z270":[199],"SoC.":[200],"Bao":[201],"demonstrated":[203],"high":[204],"efficiency,":[205],"less":[207],"than":[208],"1%":[209],"degradation":[211],"only":[213],"negligible":[215],"increase":[216],"footprint.":[219],"Additionally,":[220],"exhibited":[223],"short":[225],"boot":[226],"time":[227],"2.95ms,":[229],"satisfying":[230],"key":[232],"requirement":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}
